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MSU ECE 480 - Double Layer Electrolytic Capacitors

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Double Layer Electrolytic CapacitorsOverviewHistory of CapacitorsElectrolytic CapacitorsHistory of Super CapacitorsCarbon AerogelSlide 7Double Layer Electrolytic Capacitors Using Activated CarbonCarbon NanotubesSlide 10Slide 11Rechargeable Batteries Vs. SupercapacitorsApplications for SupercapacitorsHybrid Electric VehiclesQuestions?Double Layer Electrolytic CapacitorsDesign Team 10Technical LectureECE_480_FS08OverviewHistory of CapacitorsElectrolytic CapacitorsHistory of SupercapacitorsDouble Layer Electrolytic CapacitorBattery vs. SupercapacitorApplication of SupercapacitorsHistory of CapacitorsIn 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist constructed the first capacitor. In the same year Pieter von Musschenboek invented the Leyden Jar.Ben Franklin soon found out a flat piece of glass can be used in place of the jar modelElectrolytic Capacitors Two parallel plates with dielectric in betweenCapacitance limited by flat surface area and dielectric propertiesC is the capacitanceA is the area εr is the relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) εo is the permittivity of free space (8.854x10-12 F/m)d is distanceHistory of Super CapacitorsThe Electric Double Layer Capacitor effect was first noticed in 1957 by General Electric. Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered this effect in 1966.Standard Oil of Ohio gave the licensing to NEC, which in 1978 marketed the product as a “supercapacitor”.Carbon AerogelComposed of nanometer sized particles covalently bonded togetherHigh porosity (>50% under 100 nm) Large surface area (400–1000 m²/g)- Aerogel is a low-density solid derived from gel that has had the liquid component replaced with a gas.Activated Carbon: Extremely porous with a very large surface area.Surface resembles a sponge. Area allows more electrons to be stored than other conductors. Activated Carbon ( Activated Charcoal )Double Layer Electrolytic CapacitorsUsing Activated CarbonTwo layers consisting of nanoporous electrodesSeparator is impregnated with an organic electrolyte Thin separator can only withstand low voltagesCarbon NanotubesApproximately 1/50,000th the width of a human hair Strongest and stiffest material on earth (>300 X Steal)Low density SemiconductorUnder development at MIT Replaces activated charcoal with carbon nanotubesAligned in a regular pattern that exposes greater surface areaDramatically increases effective area of electrodes Greatly increases power densityDouble Layer Electrolytic Capacitors Using Carbon NanotubesComparing Batteries & Supercapacitors- Energy density is the amount of energy stored per unit volume or mass. - Power density combines energy density with the speed that energy can be drawn out of a device.Rechargeable Batteries Vs. SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors:Higher power density Much faster charge and discharge rateEnvironmentally friendly Extremely low internal resistance or ESR High efficiency (97-98%)Over a million charge-discharge cyclesBatteries: Have higher energy density Typically 200–1000 charge-discharge cyclesContain highly reactive and hazardous chemicals Negatively effected by low temperaturesApplications for SupercapacitorsBack up for uninterruptable power supplies (UPS)Light weight power supplies for small aircraftProvide short duration power for various vehicle systems such as breaking or steeringUsed to absorb power during short periods of generation such as Regenerative BrakingExtend range and battery life in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)Hybrid Electric VehiclesThe CSIRO in Australia [national science agency] has developed the UltraBattery, which combines a supercapacitor and a lead acid battery in a single unit4x longer life cycle, 50% more power, 70% cheaper than batteries used in


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MSU ECE 480 - Double Layer Electrolytic Capacitors

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