Engaging in the Language Arts: Exploring the Power of Language Donna Ogle and James W. BeersSlide 2What Is Language?Why is Oral Language Important?Slide 5What Do We Know about Oral Language Development?Slide 7Slide 8How Does Language Grow?Slide 10Slide 11How Does Language Change during the Preschool Years?Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Is Language Development “Finished” When Children Enter School?What Do We Know about Dialects?Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21How Do Students Use Language?Slide 23Slide 24How Can We Promote Language Growth?Slide 26Slide 27Copyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconEngaging in the Language Arts: Exploring the Power of LanguageDonna Ogle and James W. BeersThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images;• Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconEngaging in the Language Arts: Exploring the Power of LanguageDonna Ogle and James W. BeersChapter 2: Understanding Oral Language DevelopmentCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Is Language?Language is a system.Language includes arbitrary symbols.Language allows us to classify everything.Talking and writing are expressive modes of language. Listening and reading are receptive modes.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Why is Oral Language Important?Talking Improves Students’ Ability to communicateLanguage growth does not stop once a child reaches school agePlan opportunities for students to talk and listenTalking and Listening Promote a Deeper Understanding of TextTalking Promotes More Critical Thinking and Problem SolvingCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Why is Oral Language Important?The Interdependence of Oral and Written LanguageCompetence with the oral system, particularly the representation function, has a direct impact on how well students progress with the written systemThe Pressing Issue of TalkingTalking and listening facilitate an honest exchange of ideas, promote better understandings, and develop deeper appreciations for other points of viewCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Oral Language Development?The Properties of LanguageLanguage is generativeLanguage is rule-governedLanguage is arbitraryLanguage has a dual qualityCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Oral Language Development?The Components of LanguagePhonology: The study of speech sounds (phonemes) and how they are produced and combinedMorphology: The study of morphemes—the smallest unit of meaning in our languageSyntax: Concerned with the arrangement of words into acceptable sequencesSemantics: Deals with meaning and how it is communicated in our language systemPragmatics: Refers to the rules that help us navigate our conversationsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Oral Language Development?The Importance of Talking and Listening45 percent of the time we spend engaged in communication is devoted to listeningChildren’s comprehension is far greater than their productionCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon How Does Language Grow?Skinnerian TheoryShapingDiscriminate learningImitationPsycholinguistic Theory (Chomsky)Innate capabilitiesLanguage acquisition device (LAD)Deep structure and surface structureTransformational rulesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon How Does Language Grow?Semantic-Cognitivist Theory (Bloom)Thought precedes languageRole of the adult is crucialObject permanenceUtterances are the result of semantic, not syntactic, relationshipsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon How Does Language Grow?Sociolinguistic TheoryThe speech act is the central focus of analysisIllocutionary force, conversational principles, and presuppositionsIntention may be implicit or explicitConversational principles refer to the listener’s expectationsPresuppositions refer to what both speakers and listeners expect of the information provided in an utterance.Copyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon How Does Language Changeduring the Preschool Years?The Prelinguistic PeriodCryingCooingBabblingThe Emergence of SpeechBetween twelve and eighteen monthsHolophrasesThe Beginnings of SentencesBetween eighteen and twenty-four monthsFamily Life Royalty Free CDCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon How Does Language Changeduring the Preschool Years?The Development of VocabulariesSemantic Features HypothesisFunctional-Core HypothesisPrototypic-Complex HypothesisComprehension versus ProductionProductive vocabularies typically lag behind receptive vocabulariesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Is Language Development “Finished” When Children Enter School?Syntax Continues to GrowConjoiningEmbeddingPassive sentencesVocabulary Continues to GrowHorizontal and vertical increases in word meaningPhoneme Awareness Continues to GrowVoiced and Unvoiced SoundsPhoneme SegmentationSound AssociationsConversational Abilities Continue to GrowTopic MaintenanceConversational RepairCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Dialects?Characteristics of African American EnglishThe linguistic differences between AAVE and Standard English (SE) are minimal and rule-governedThe linguistic differences that AAVE exhibits have considerable overlap with southern dialects and other dialectsNot all African Americans use a dialectCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Dialects?Characteristics of Latino EnglishLinguistic differences between LE and Standard English (SAE) are minimal and rule-governedGuidelines for Working with Diverse Language LearnersLearn more about the culture and dialect of studentsHelp students develop an understanding and respect of others’ dialect differencesModel a curiosity and interest in other cultures and dialectsCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & BaconCopyright © 2009 Pearson Allyn & Bacon What Do We Know about Dialects?Teaching Standard
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