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CCSU CS 490 - Computer Networks - Application Layer

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1 Computer)Networks)Applica3on)Layer)1)Examples)of)network)applica3ons)• e;mail)• web)• instant)messaging)• remote)login)• P2P)file)sharing)• mul3;user)network)games)• streaming)stored)video)clips)• social)networks)• voice)over)IP)• real;3me)video)conferencing)• grid)compu3ng)2)2 Crea3ng)a)network)app)write)programs)that)– run)on)(different))end$systems$– communicate)over)network)– e.g.,)web)server)soJware)communicates)with)browser)soJware)No)need)to)write)soJware)for)network;core)devices)– Network;core)devices)do)not)run)user)applica3ons))– applica3ons)on)end)systems))allows)for)rapid)app)development,)propaga3on)3)application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical Applica3on)architectures)• Client;server)– Including)data)centers)/)cloud)compu3ng)• Peer;to;peer)(P2P))• Hybrid)of)client;server)and)P2P)4)3 Client;server)architecture)server:))– always;on)host)– permanent)IP)address)– server)farms)for)scaling)clients:)– communicate)with)server)– may)be)intermiPently)connected)– may)have)dynamic)IP)addresses)– do)not)communicate)directly)with)each)other)5)client/server Google)Data)Centers)• Es3mated)cost)of)data)center:)$600M)• Google)spent)$2.4B)in)2007)on)new)data)centers)• Each)data)center)uses)50;100)megawaPs)of)power)4 Pure)P2P)architecture)• no)always;on)server)• arbitrary)end)systems)directly)communicate)• peers)are)intermiPently)connected)and)change)IP)addresses)Highly)scalable)but)difficult)to)manage)7)peer-peer Hybrid)of)client;server)and)P2P)Skype)– voice;over;IP)P2P)applica3on)– centrali zed)server:)finding)address)of)remote)party:))– client;client)connec3on:)direct)(not)through)server))Instant)messaging)– cha]ng)between)two)users)is)P2P)– centrali zed)service:)client)presence)detec3on/loca3on)• user)registers)its)IP)address)with)central)server)when)it)comes)online)• user)contacts)central)server)to)find)IP)addresses)of)buddies)8)5 Processes)communica3ng)Process:)program)running)within)a)host.)• within)same)host,)two)processes)communicate)using))inter;process)communica3on)(defined)by)OS).)• processes)in)different)hosts)communicate)by)exchanging)messages)Client)process:)process)that)ini3ates)communica3on)Server)process:)process)that)waits)to)be)contacted)9)• Note:)applica3ons)with)P2P)architectures)have)client)processes)&)server)processes)Sockets)• process)sends/receives)messages)to/from)its)socket)• socket)analogous)to)door)– sending)process)shoves)message)out)door)– sending)process)relies)on)transport)infrastructure)on)other)side)of)door)which)brings)message)to)socket)at)receiving)process)10)process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server Internet controlled by OS controlled by app developer • API:)(1))choice)of)transport)protocol;)))(2))ability)to)fix)a)few)parameters))6 Addressing)processes )• Q:)does))IP)address)of)host)on)which)process)runs)suffice)for)iden3fying)the)process?)– A:)No,)many)processes)can)be)running)on)same$• Iden/fier)includes)both)IP)address)and)port)numbers)associated)with)process)on)host.)• Example)port)numbers:)– HTTP)server:)80)– Mail)server:)25)• to)receive)messages,)process))must)have)iden/fier$• host)device)has)unique)32;bit)IP)address)• Exercise:)use)ipconfig)from)command)prompt)to)get)your)IP)address)(Windows))11)Applica3on;layer)protocol)defines)• Types)of)messages)exchanged,))– e.g.,)request,)response))• Message)syntax:)– what)fields)in)messages)&)how)fields)are)delineated)• Message)seman3cs))– meaning)of)informa3on)in)fields)• Rules)for)when)and)how)processes)send)&)respond)to)messages)Public;domain)protocols:)• defined)in)RFCs)• allows)fo r)interoperability)• e.g.,)HTTP,)SMTP,)BitTorrent)Proprietary)protocols:)• e.g.,)Skype,)ppstream)12)7 What)transport)ser vice)do es)an)app )need?)Data)loss)• some)apps)(e.g.,)audio))can)tolerate)some)loss)• other)apps)(e.g.,)file)transfer,)telnet))require)100%)reliable)data)transfer))Timing)• some)apps)(e.g.,)Internet)telephony,)interac3ve)games))requi re)low)delay)to)be)“effec3ve”)13)Throughput)• some)apps)(e.g.,)mul3media))require)a)certain)minimum)amount)of)throughput)to)be)“effec3ve”)• other)apps)(“elas3c)apps”))make)use)of)whatever)throughput)they)get))Security)• Encryp3on,)data)integrity,)…)Transport)ser vice)requirements)of)common)apps)14)Application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games instant messaging Data loss no loss no loss no loss loss-tolerant loss-tolerant loss-tolerant no loss Throughput elastic elastic elastic audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic Time Sensitive no no no yes, 100’s msec yes, few secs yes, 100’s msec yes and no8 Internet)transport)protocols)services)TCP)service:)• connec/on4oriented:)setup)required)between)client)and)server)processes)• reliable$transport$between)sending)and)receiving)process)• flow$control:)sender)won’t)overwhelm)receiver))• conges/on$control:)throPle)sender)when)network)overloaded)• does$not$provide:)3ming,)minimum)throughput)guarantees,)security)UDP)service:)• unreliable)data)transfer)between)sending)and)receiving)process)• does)not)provide:)connec3on)setup,)reliability,)flow)control,)conges3on)control,)3ming,)throughput)guarantee,)or)security))Q:)why)bother?))Why)is)there)a)UDP?)15)Internet)apps:))applica3on,)transport)protocols)16)Application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] HTTP (eg Youtube), RTP [RFC 1889] SIP, RTP, proprietary (e.g., Skype) Underlying transport protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP or UDP typically


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