Basic Concepts on Social StratificationKerbo, Harold R. 2006. Social Stratification and Inequality: Class conflict inhistorical, comparative, and global perspective. Boston: McGraw Hill. Pp. 9-121. Social Stratification and InequalitySocial Differentiation … “occurs … when we find people with distinct individualqualities and social roles.” “An increased division of labor means moredifferentiation.”Social Inequality … “is the condition whereby people have unequal access tovalued resources, services, and positions in society.”“Social inequality often emerges from social differentiation for two basic reasons.” (1) “…because of the human capacity to apply meaning to events and things, todevelop judgments of what is ‘good,’ ‘bad,’ or preferable, social evaluation is oftenapplied to differences. (2) “…some roles of social positions place some people in a position to acquire agreater share of valued goods and services.”‘Theoretically,’ there can be “social inequality without social differentiation.” However,that’s purely theoretical. Historically, social inequality has always derived from socialVertical nequality�Higher positions (Ex: landlord, general)Lower positions (Ex: serf, private)Horizontal 밒ifferentiation�of functions, or jobs (Ex: farmer, soldier)differentiation.Social Stratification “means that inequality has been hardened orinstitutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines whogets what, and why.”“Institutionalized” means that “a system of layered hierarchy has beenestablished.”So, social stratification is a specific form of social inequality.Ascription: “Class or strata placement is primarily hereditary.”Achievement: “Class or strata placement is due primarily to qualities that can becontrolled by individuals.”Ex) David Rockefeller was born with a silver spoon in his mouth (Ascription), but healso might have tried hard to become a best businessman (Achievement).2. Class Divisions and Social MobilityClass: “a grouping of individuals with similar positions and similar political andeconomic interests within the stratification system.”Three Main Criteria of Class DivisionsA person’s position in …(1) Occupational Structure: Ex) a cleaner and an accountant(2) Authority Structure: “how may people a person must take orders from vs.how many people a person can give orders to”(3) Property Structure: “the ownership of property that produces profit, such asstock ownership”American Class Structure according to Kerbo’s terms1) Upper Class: “families high in property ownership, with high authority flowingSocial Stratification Inequalityform such ownership.” Ex: the Rockefellers, the Fords … and the Bushes?2) Corporate Class: “people with high authority and power in major corporations(and often government), usually without extensive ownership in these corporations”3) Middle Class: “those with relatively little property, but high to middle positionsin occupation (nonmanual labor) and authority”4) Working Class: “people with little or no property, middle to low positions inoccupation (manual labor), and little or no authority” 5) Lower Class: “those individuals with no property, who are often unemployedand have no authority”Status is a “rather ambiguous term … used to indicate positions in a socialstructure” or “something like position within a hierarchy.” The criterion of “status”consists of “occupational prestige, or the popularly ranked esteem and respectassociated with high to low occupational attainment.”Social Mobility: “individual or group movement within the class system”-Vertical Mobility: “the movement of individuals up and down the class system”-Horizontal Mobility: “movement across positions of roughly equal