GEOGRAPHY 1710 EXAM 1 REVIEW SPRING 2006 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 1 Define geography and physical geography in particular Describe systems analysis open and closed systems feedback information and systems operations and relate those concepts to Earth systems Explain Earth s reference grid latitude longitude latitudinal geographic zones and time Define cartography and mapping basics map scale and map projections Describe remote sensing and explain geographic information system GIS methodology as a tool used in geographic analysis CHAPTER 2 Distinguish among galaxies stars and planets and locate Earth Overview the origin formation and development of Earth and construct Earth s annual orbit about the Sun Describe the Sun s operation and explain the characteristics of the solar wind and the electromagnetic spectrum of radiant energy Portray the intercepted solar energy and its uneven distribution at the top of the atmosphere Define solar altitude solar declination and day length and describe the annual variability of each Earth s seasonality CHAPTER 3 List the stable components of the modern atmosphere and their relative percentage contributions by volume and describe each Describe conditions within the stratosphere specifically review the function and status of the ozonosphere ozone layer Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic variable gases and materials in the lower atmosphere Identify the pathways of solar energy through the troposphere to the Earth s surface transmission scattering diffuse radiation refraction albedo reflectivity conduction convection and advection Describe what happens to insolation when clouds are in the atmosphere and analyze the effect of clouds and air pollution on solar radiation received at ground level Review the energy pathways in the Earth atmosphere system the greenhouse effect and the patterns of global net radiation Portray typical heat island conditions and contrast the microclimatology of urban areas with that of surrounding rural environments Define the concepts of temperature List and review the principal controls and influences that produce global temperature patterns Review the factors that produce different marine effects and continent effects as they influence temperatures and utilize several pairs of stations to illustrate these differences CHAPTER 4 Define the concept of air pressure and describe instruments used to measure air pressure Define wind and describe how wind is measured how wind direction is determined and how winds are named Explain the four driving forces within the atmosphere gravity pressure gradient force Coriolis force and friction force and describe the primary high and low pressure areas and principal winds Describe upper air circulation and its support role for surface systems and define the jet streams Explain several types of local winds land sea breezes mountain valley breezes katabatic winds and the regional monsoons Discern the basic pattern of the Earth s major surface and deep ocean currents CHAPTER 6 Define the concept of air pressure and describe instruments used to measure air pressure Define wind and describe how wind is measured how wind direction is determined and how winds are named Explain the four driving forces within the atmosphere gravity pressure gradient force Coriolis force and friction force and describe the primary high and low pressure areas and principal winds Describe upper air circulation and its support role for surface systems and define the jet streams Overview several multiyear oscillations of air temperature air pressure and circulation in the Arctic Atlantic and Pacific oceans Explain several types of local winds land sea breezes mountain valley breezes katabatic winds and the regional monsoons Discern the basic pattern of the Earth s major surface ocean currents and deep thermohaline circulation Terms advection Global Positioning convection Positive negative System feedback conduction Time zones spatial science transmission centrifugal force perihelion aphelion Diffusion Remote sensing map scale Earth s energy A M P M loss of ozone Mirages Sunrise photochemical smog Earth s rotation Seasons Clean Air Act Microclimatology Earth s rotation Temperature inversions Evaporation Milky Way Air Photosynthesis Sun s energy great circle Earth s atmosphere Earth s distance from latent heat Lewis Thomas the sun diffuse radiation harmful radiation Short long wavelengths friction oxides of sulfur and Solstice Intertropical Convergence Zone nitrogen Equinox nitrogen Jet Stream oxygen Earth s axis normal lapse rate plane of the ecliptic atmosphere Coriolis force composition atmosphere function Auroras Local winds monsoons katabatic winds mountain breezes sea breeze cyclone anticyclone thermohaline atmosphere temperature Upwelling downwelling currents circulation latitude longitude insolation albedo gyre satellite imaging Wind Pressure gradient Wind measurement Ocean circulation Typical Question 6 Northern Australia is most likely to experience its monsoon rains during July and August a true b false