BIOL 1050 Lecture 15 Outline of Last LectureI. Abnormal cell divisionII. Tumor typesIII. Cancer cellsIV. Categories of cancerV. Cause of cancerVI. Cancer treatmentsOutline of Current LectureI. BiotechnologyII. MethodsCurrent LectureI. Biotechnologya. Organisms, cells and their molecules are modified to achieve practical benefits b. A selective type of breeding c. Relies on naturally occurring restriction enzymes for cutting DNA, the PCR for amplifying small amounts of DNA, inserting the DNA into bacterial or viral vectors, and doing and identifying the cells with the transferred DNA interest d. Modern molecular methods make it possible to cut and copy DNA from one organism and deliver it to another i. Ex. Bacteria that would eat oil in the oil spill clean upe. One emphasis is genetic engineeringi. Is manipulation of organisms genes1. Can add, delete, or move genes from one species to anotherII. Methodsa. Chop up the DNA from a species with a trait of interesti. Find an organism with trait of interest and get DNA sampleii. DNA sample mixed with restriction enzyme that cut DNA into fragments 1. The gene of interest is located on a section of DNA from the donorspecies2. Restriction enzymes that target a particular base-pair sequence oneither side of the gene are introduced3. The restriction enzymes bind to their target base-pair sequence and cut the strand of DNAThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. The gene of interest has now been separated from the donor’s DNA iii. Different enzymes recognize different DNA base sequences and cut thereb. Amplify- make more copies of the DNAi. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that copies DNA1. A solution containing an isolated segment of DNA is heated, separating the double-stranded DNA into two single strands2. The enzyme DNA polymerase is added along with a large number of free nucleotides, and the solution containing the segments is cooled3. DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each single strand4. The result is two identical copies of the original segment of DNA ii. Use to get lots of copies of DNA from even tiny samplesiii. Can amplify all DNA or just specific fragment c. Insert the different DNA pieces into bacteria or virusesi. Insert DNA of interest into DNA of foreign organismii. Recombinant DNA- a molecule of DNA from more than one sourceiii. An organism that carries recombinant DNA- a genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic organismiv. Can use a virus or bacterial plasmid to move genes and insert them into a different DNA moleculev. Inserting DNA by using plasmids1. Plasmids easily incorporate foreign DNA2. Plasmids move genes from one cell to another3. When bacterial cell divides, plasmid with foreign DNA also copiedd. Grow separate bacterial/viral colonies, each with a different inserted piece of DNAi. GMO bacteria are produced every time cell dividesii. Can produces lots of cells that will transcribe and translate foreign gene to make protein of interestiii. Different colonies have different DNA fragments and make different proteinsiv. Creating a gene library1. To create a gene library, a large amount of DNA is chopped up using restriction enzymes2. Each piece is inserted into a plasmid that is then introduced into a bacterial cell3. The bacteria allowed to divide repeatedly, each producing a clone of the foreign DNA fragment it carries4. Together, all of the different bacterial cells contain all of the different fragments of the original DNAe. Identify the colonies that have the DNA with the gene of interesti. Must determine which colony produces protein of
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