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Attachment TheoryDefinition of AttachmentRoots of Attachment TheoryImportance of AttachmentBowlby’s Four Stages of AttachmentAttachment in the MakingClear-cut AttachmentFormation of Reciprocal RelationshipFactors which Affect AttachmentMore Factors which Affect AttachmentMeasuring the Quality of AttachmentSecure attachmentInsecure-Avoidant AttachmentInsecure-Resistant AttachmentDisorganized/Disoriented AttachmentAttachment TheoryDefinition of AttachmentAn enduring emotional tie to a special person, characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, especially during times of stress.Roots of Attachment Theory•John Bowlby applied ethology to infants•Influenced by Konrad Lorenz•Infant’s innate behaviors are evolved responses which promote survivalImportance of Attachment•Implications for infant's sense of security •Affects internal working model•Freud, Erikson, Behaviorists described its impact on developmentBowlby’s Four Stages of AttachmentPreattachment phase •Birth - 6 weeks•Baby’s innate signals attract caregiver •Caregivers remain close by when the baby responds positivelyAttachment in the Making•6 wks to 6-8 months•Develops a sense of trust that caregiver will respond when signaled•Infants respond more positively to familiar caregiver•Babies don't protest when separated from parentClear-cut Attachment•6-8 months to 18-24 months •Babies display separation anxiety•Babies protest when parent leavesFormation of Reciprocal Relationship•18 mo - 2yrs•Toddlers increase their understanding of symbols and language improves•Toddlers understand that parents will returnFactors which Affect Attachment•Opportunity for attachment •Quality of caregiving •respond promptly and consistently•interactional synchrony – the sensitively tuned “emotional dance”•Infant characteristics•infant's temperament, special needs, prematurity, or illnessesMore Factors which Affect Attachment•Family circumstances•Stress can undermine attachment•Parents’ internal working models•Parents’ own attachment experiences•Parents’ ability to accept their pastMeasuring the Quality of Attachment•Mary Ainsworth researched •Designed the “strange situation”•A lab experiment with 8 different episodes of separation and reunion•Attached infant will:•Use mother as a secure base•Be soothed by the mother during the reunionSecure attachment•Uses caregiver as a secure base•May show distress at separation, but the baby can be soothed at reunion•60-65% of North American childrenInsecure-Avoidant Attachment•Unresponsive to parent when she is present•Not distressed by parting•Avoids or slow to greet parent on return•20% of North American childrenInsecure-Resistant Attachment•Infants remain close to parents and not eager to explore•Distressed by separation•During reunion, infants are both clingy and resistant •12% of North American childrenDisorganized/Disoriented Attachment•No coherent strategy for handling separations or reunions•Baby looks dazed and confused•5-10% of North American


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SSU EDEC 420 - Attachment Theory

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