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ISU ECON 101 - Comp_Advantage

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PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Comparative AdvantageOverheadsThe Logic of Free TradeSelf-sufficiency is nice but …Advantages of doing things ourselvesGood information about qualityWill not have any transactions costsDon’t need to depend on others and their foiblesCan customize the productCan coordinate production and consumptionCan keep information secretDon’t have to worry about enforcing any contractsDon’t have to worry about being exploitedDisadvantages of doing things ourselvesMay not be able to achieve any economies of scaleMay not have necessary knowledge, skill or intelligence for taskMay have limited experience for some tasksMay have to keep continually changing tasksPrinciple of specialization and exchangeSpecialization and exchange enable us to enjoy greater production and higher living standardsthan would otherwise be possible.As a result, all economies have been characterized by high degrees of specialization and exchange.The principle of specialization and exchange applies not just to individuals, but to groups of individuals, such as those living within the boundaries that define cities, counties, states or nations.International Trade - International trade is trade between nationsExports are goods and services that areproduced domestically, but sold abroad.Imports are goods and services that areproduced abroad, but consumed domestically.Absolute and comparative advantageAn individual producer has an absolute advantage in the production of a product if he has the ability to produce the good or service using fewer resources than other producers use.Similarly a country has an absolute advantagein the production of a product if it has the abilityto produce the good or service using fewer resourcesthan other countries use.An individual producer has a comparative advantagecomparative advantage in the production of a product if she has the ability to produce the good or service at a lower opportunity costlower opportunity costthan other producers.Comparative advantageSimilarly, a country has a country has a comparative advantagecomparative advantage in the production of a product if it has the ability to produce the good or service at a lower opportunity costlower opportunity cost than other countries.How to measure comparative advantageWe measure the opportunity costopportunity cost of a good,not by the resources used to produce it,but rather by the otherother goods goodswhose production must be sacrificedsacrificed.Mutually Beneficial TradeMutually beneficial trade between any two countriesis possible whenever one country is relatively betterone country is relatively betterat producing a good than the other is at producing the good.Being relatively betterrelatively better means having the abilityto produce a good at a lower opportunity costlower opportunity cost — that is, at a lower sacrifice of other goods foregone.Measuring ProductivityWe often measure productivity in terms ofoutput per unit of input (or other resource)a. labor time or hoursb. landc. expenditure or costLabor time exampleLoad of wash Vacuum a roomLabor requirement data for White House cleaningBill .80 hours .40 hoursHillary .75 hours .25 hoursThis data is input per unit of outputConvert requirement data to output per unit of input dataTake the reciprocal of the requirement dataLoads per hour Rooms per hourBill 1 / .80 = 1.25 loads 1 / .40 = 2.5 roomsHillary 1 / .75 = 1.333 loads 1 / .25 = 4 roomshoursloadloadshourMexicoU.S.Corn (bu) Peanuts (lbs)$2.50$4.00$0.25$0.50Corn and peanut exampleCost requirement data$ per outputConvert requirement data to output per unit of input dataTake the reciprocal of the requirement dataBushels of corn per $Pounds of peanuts per $U.S. 1 / 2.50 = 0.40 bu. 1 / .25 = 4 lbs.Mexico 1 / 4.00 = 0.25 bu. 1 / .50 = 2 lbs (1/4)MexicoU.S.Corn (bu) Peanuts (lbs)0.40 bu0.25 bu4 lbs2 lbsCorn and peanut exampleOutput per $How to determine who has the comparative advantage in what2. Make an opportunity cost table (agents by goods)1. Determine the output per per unit of input for each agent5. The country with the lower opportunity cost has a comparative advantage in the production of each good3. For each good (column) choose a unit of exchange4. Determine the opportunity cost of each good in termsof the unit of exchange by dividing the production ofthe unit of exchange by the production of the other goodOutput per unit of input dataExample Computation3. Rooms is unit of exchange for wash Wash is unit of exchange for rooms5. Bill has the comparative advantage in washing5a. Hillary has the comparative advantage in room cleaning4. Fill in comparative advantage table (unit of exchange per unit of good)HillaryBillLoads Rooms1.25 2.51.33 4HillaryBillLoads Rooms2 r3 r1/2 l1/3 lExample Computation3. Peanuts is unit of exchange for corn Corn is unit of exchange for peanuts4. Fill in comparative advantage table (unit of exchange per unit of good)MexicoUSACorn Peanuts0.4040.25 2MexicoUSACorn Peanuts10 p8 p1/10 c1/8 c40.40 1020.25 8Example Computation3. Peanuts is unit of exchange for corn Corn is unit of exchange for peanuts5. Mexico has the comparative advantage in corn5a. USA has the comparative advantage in peanuts4. Fill in comparative advantage table (unit of exchange per unit of good)MexicoUSACorn Peanuts0.4040.25 2MexicoUSACorn Peanuts10 p8 p1/10 c1/8 cUsing input per unit of output dataDetermining comparative advantageUsing cost per unit of output dataOutput per unit of input dataWe want the most possibleInput (cost) per unit of output dataWe want the least possibleMost output per unit of inputLeast input per unit of outputWhat does Bill give up to do a load of


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ISU ECON 101 - Comp_Advantage

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