Fall 2009 Lectures IPHY 3410 100 Leif Saul INTRODUCTION Anatomy has many applications I Basic concepts of anatomy a All living organisms are made of cells b Similar cell types tissue How many types of tissues are there Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle c Different tissues combine to form an organ d Different organs combine to form an organ system II Cellular Structure Chapter 2 a Functional requirements b Size c Anatomy of a cell Note Much variation Analogy person or corporation i Plasma membrane ii Cytoplasm A Cytosol B Organelles beginning with those that are membrane bound Endoplasmic reticulum ER Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria Cytoskeleton not membrane bound Three parts Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments iii Nucleus d Specialized cell contacts cell junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions TISSUES Histology the study of tissues I Epithelium a Introduction Definition of epithelium Tissue that 1 covers or lines surfaces and cavities of the body or 2 forms glands secretory structures b General characteristics Cellularity composed almost entirely of cells Make specialized contacts Display polarity sidedness Basement membrane anchors epithelium to the underlying connective tissue Ability to regenerate quickly Avascular no blood vessels Innervated c Function Absorption and secretion Diffusion and Filtration Propulsion Protection d Classification By layering simple or stratified By shape squamous cuboidal or columnar A Simple epithelium 1 Simple squamous thinnest kind 2 Simple cuboidal 3 Simple columnar Nonciliated Ciliated Can have other modifications Microvilli Goblet cells 4 Pseudostratified columnar B Stratified epithelium 1 Stratified squamous thickest 2 Stratified cuboidal rare 3 Stratified columnar very rare 4 Transitional changes shape e Glands 1 Exocrine Unicellular Multicellular 2 Endocrine II Connective tissue a Important characteristics Relatively few cells Large amount of nonliving substance extracellular matrix Vascularized except cartilage b Functions c Structure 1 Cells Derived from mesenchyme A characteristic type of cell for each kind of CT Cells secrete extracellular matrix 2 Matrix A Fibers Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers B Ground substance Proteoglycans Interstitial fluid Additional components e g calcium salts in bone Note Integrins cell adhesion proteins glue cells to matrix d Categories of CT connective tissue 1 Connective tissue proper Introduction A Loose connective tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular B Dense connective tissue Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic 2 Cartilage Properties of cartilage vs bone Ground substance is unique acts like water bed Fibers Cells Avascular Not innervated A Hyaline cartilage B Elastic cartilage C Fibrocartilage 3 Bone Ground substance calcium salts Fibers lots of collagen Cells 4 Blood Why is blood a connective tissue MEMBRANES AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM I Covering and lining membranes a Function b Composition c Types of membrane Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous membrane II Integumentary system skin and its appendages a The skin largest organ in the body b Structure of the skin Two parts Epidermis dermis Epidermis Layers 1 Stratum germinativum stratum basale 2 Stratum spinosum 3 Stratum granulosum 4 Stratum lucidum 5 Stratum corneum Other cell types in epidermis Melanocytes Merkel cell Langerhans cell Dermis Papillary layer Blisters Reticular layer Structures in dermis Hypodermis Not a part of the skin but usually discussed with it c Appendages of the skin 1 Hairs Shaft Root Bulb Follicle Arrector pili muscle Cuticle Medulla Cortex Curliness color Male pattern baldness 2 Glands Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous sweat glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Modified sweat glands e g mammary glands d Burns Consequences and treatment BONE I Introduction a Extremes b Bones are organs c Functions of bones bone tissue d Classes of bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones II Gross structure of a long bone Diaphysis Epiphyses Epiphyseal line Periosteum Articular cartilage Medullary cavity Endosteum Blood vessels Compact bone Spongy bone III Histology of bone tissue a General Cell types Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Matrix Organic called osteoid Inorganic called hydroxyapatite Fibers vs ground substance Secretion Osteoblasts secrete Osteoid Enzymes b Compact bone Osteon Lamellae Central Haversian canal Perforating Volkmann s canals Arteries veins nerves Osteocytes trapped within lacunae Canaliculi c Spongy bone Made of Osteocytes Canaliculi IV Bone formation a Intramembranous bone formation 1 Formation of ossification center 2 Osteoblasts secrete osteoid 3 Formation of woven bone 4 Formation of mature bone tissue b Endochondral bone formation 1 Cartilage model grows a periosteum 2 Chondrocytes in center of diaphysis signal matrix to calcify 3 Periosteal bud invades diaphysis 4 Steps 2 3 occur in the epiphyses as well 5 Remodeling produces mature spongy compact bone Note Cartilage remains at Photos of bone formation in the fetus V Bone growth a Longitudinal bone growth b Appositional bone growth VI Bone disorders a Achondroplasia Distraction osteogenesis b Osteoporosis c Osteomalacia d Paget s disease JOINTS I Introduction a Definition Joints articulations points where bones meet and connect b Basic directional terms Planes or sections Sagittal Frontal coronal Transverse Other directional terms Superior inferior Anterior posterior Medial lateral Dorsal ventral Proximal distal Superficial deep c Degrees of mobility Diarthrotic Amphiarthrotic Synarthrotic d Joints can change with age Synostosis II Joint classification a Fibrous joints 1 Suture 2 Syndesmosis 3 Gomphosis b Cartilaginous joints 1 Synchondrosis 2 Symphysis c Synovial joints III Anatomy of synovial joints a Structures of the joint itself Articular capsule Reinforcing ligaments Capsular Extracapsular Intracapsular Reconstructing the ACL Articular disc meniscus b Structures often associated with synovial joints 1 Bursa 2 Tendon sheath IV Movements of joints a Non angular translational movements Specific directions Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction b Angular movements 1 Change angle between two bones Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Special movements of the feet Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion 2 Rotate about bone s long axis Left rotation Right rotation Medial rotation Lateral rotation Special movements of the forearm Pronation Supination V