Chapter Eight Slutsky Equation Effects of a Price Change What happens when a commodity s price decreases Substitution effect the commodity is relatively cheaper so consumers substitute it for now relatively more expensive other commodities Effects of a Price Change Income effect the consumer s budget of y can purchase more than before as if the consumer s income rose with consequent income effects on quantities demanded Effects of a Price Change x2 y p2 Consumer s budget is y Original choice x1 Effects of a Price Change x2 y p2 Consumer s budget is y Lower price for commodity 1 pivots the constraint outwards x1 Effects of a Price Change x2 y p2 y p2 Consumer s budget is y Lower price for commodity 1 pivots the constraint outwards Now only y are needed to buy the original bundle at the new prices as if the consumer s income has increased by y y x1 Effects of a Price Change Changes to quantities demanded due to this extra income are the income effect of the price change Effects of a Price Change Slutsky discovered that changes to demand from a price change are always the sum of a pure substitution effect and an income effect Real Income Changes Slutsky asserted that if at the new prices less income is needed to buy the original bundle then real income is increased more income is needed to buy the original bundle then real income is decreased Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice x1 Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice New budget constraint x1 Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice New budget constraint real income has risen x1 Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice x1 Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice New budget constraint x1 Real Income Changes x2 Original budget constraint and choice New budget constraint real income has fallen x1 Pure Substitution Effect Slutsky isolated the change in demand due only to the change in relative prices by asking What is the change in demand when the consumer s income is adjusted so that at the new prices she can only just buy the original bundle Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 x2 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 x2 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 x2 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 Lower p1 makes good 1 relatively cheaper and causes a substitution from good 2 to good 1 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Pure Substitution Effect Only x2 Lower p1 makes good 1 relatively cheaper and causes a substitution from good 2 to good 1 x1 x2 x1 x2 is the pure substitution effect x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 And Now The Income Effect x2 x1 x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 And Now The Income Effect x2 The income effect is x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 The Overall Change in Demand The change to demand due to lower p1 is the sum of the income and substitution effects x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Normal Goods Most goods are normal i e demand increases with income The substitution and income effects reinforce each other when a normal good s own price changes Slutsky s Effects for Normal Goods x2 Good 1 is normal because higher income increases demand x1 x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Normal Goods x2 Good 1 is normal because higher income increases demand so the income and substitution x1 x2 effects reinforce each other x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Normal Goods Since both the substitution and income effects increase demand when own price falls a normal good s ordinary demand curve slopes down The Law of Downward Sloping Demand therefore always applies to normal goods Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods Some goods are income inferior i e demand is reduced by higher income The substitution and income effects oppose each other when an incomeinferior good s own price changes Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 The pure substitution effect is as for a normal good But x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 The pure substitution effect is as for a normal good But the income effect is in the opposite direction x1 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 x2 x2 The pure substitution effect is as for a normal good But the income effect is in the opposite direction Good 1 is x1 x2 income inferior because an increase to income causes demand to fall x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Income Inferior Goods x2 The overall changes to demand are the sums of the substitution and income effects x x 1 x2 2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Giffen Goods In rare cases of extreme incomeinferiority the income effect may be larger in size than the substitution effect causing quantity demanded to fall as own price rises Such goods are Giffen goods Slutsky s Effects for Giffen Goods x2 A decrease in p1 causes quantity demanded of good 1 to fall x2 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Giffen Goods x2 A decrease in p1 causes quantity demanded of good 1 to fall x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 Slutsky s Effects for Giffen Goods x2 A decrease in p1 causes quantity demanded of good 1 to fall x2 x2 x2 x1 x1 x1 x1 Substitution effect Income effect Slutsky s Effects for Giffen Goods Slutsky s decomposition of the effect of a price change into a pure substitution effect and an income effect thus explains why the Law of Downward Sloping Demand is violated for extremely incomeinferior goods