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CMU CS 15744 - IP Next Generation Overview

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THIS article presents an overview of thenext-generation Internet Protocol(IPng). IPng was recommended by theIPng Area Directors of the Internet Engi-neering Task Force at the Toronto IETFmeeting on July 25, 1994, and docu-mented in RFC 1752, “The Recommendation for theIP Next Generation Protocol” [1]. The recommenda-tion was approved by the Internet Engineering Steer-ing Group on November 17,1994 and made aProposed Standard.The base IPng proto-cols were enteredinto the IETF stan-dard process and published as RFCs in December1995.The formal name of this protocol is IPv6 (wherethe “6” refers to it being assigned version number 6).The current version of the Internet Protocol is version4 (referred to as IPv4). This article is intended to givethe reader an overview of the IPng protocol. For moredetailed information the reader should consult thedocuments listed in the reference section.IPng is a new version of the InternetProtocol that is designed to be an evolu-tionary step from IPv4. It builds upon thearchitecture that made IPv4 successful inthe Internet, and is designed to solve thegrowth problems the Internet isencountering. This includes thedirect issues of addressingIP Next GenerationOverviewIssues relating to the design and selection of a new underlying protocolfor the Internet are discussed, with emphasis on transition to the newprotocol. Robert M. Hindenand routing, as well as dealing with long-termgrowth issues such as security, auto-configuration,real-time services, and transition.IPng can be installed as a normal software upgradein Internet devices and is interoperable with the cur-rent IPv4. Its deployment strategy was designed to nothave any “flag” days. IPng is designed to run well onhigh-performance networks (e.g., ATM, Fast Ether-net, etc.) and at the same time is efficient for low-bandwidth networks (e.g., wireless). In addition, itprovides a platform for new Internet functionalitythat will be required in the near future.Key IssuesTHERE are several key issues that should beconsidered when reviewing the design ofthe next-generation Internet protocol.Some are very straightforward. For exam-ple, the new protocol must be able to sup-port large global internetworks. Othersare less obvious. There must be a clear way to transi-tion the current large installedbase of IPv4 systems to the newprotocol. It doesn’t matter howgood a new protocol is if thereisn’t a practical way to transitionthe current operational systemsrunning IPv4 to the new protocol.GrowthGrowth is the basic issue that cre-ated the need for a next-genera-tion IP. If anything is to belearned from our experience withIPv4, it is that the addressing androuting must be capable of han-dling reasonable scenarios offuture growth. It is important thatwe have an understanding of past growth and fromwhere the future growth will come.Currently IPv4 serves what could be called thecomputer market. The computer market has beenthe driver of the growth of the Internet. It comprisesthe current Internet and countless other smallerinternets that are not connected to the Internet. Itsfocus is to connect computers together in the largebusiness, government, and university education mar-kets. This market has been growing at an exponentialrate. One measure of this is that the number of net-works in the current Internet (~80,000 as of January1996) is doubling approximately every 12 months.The computers that are used at the endpoints ofInternet communications range from PCs to super-computers. Most are attached to local-area networks(LANs) and the vast majority are not mobile.The next phase of growth will probably not be dri-ven by the computer market. While the computermarket will continue to grow at significant rates dueto expansion into other areas such as schools (ele-mentary through high school) and small businesses,it is doubtful it will continue to grow at an exponen-tial rate. What is likely to happen is that other kindsof markets will develop. These markets will fall intoseveral areas. They are extremely large and also bringwith them a new set of requirements that were not asevident in the early stages of IPv4 deployment. Thenew markets are also likely to happen in parallel withone another. It may be that we will look back on thelast 10 years of Internet growth as the time when theInternet was small and only doubling every year. Thechallenge for an IPng is to provide a solution thatsolves today’s problems and is attractive in theseemerging markets.Nomadic personal computing devices seem cer-tain to become ubiquitous as their prices drop andtheir capabilities increase. A key capability is that theywill be networked. Unlike the majority of today’s net-worked computers, they will support a variety of typesof network attachments. When disconnected they willuse radio-frequency wireless networks, when used innetworked facilities they will use infrared attachment,and when docked they will use physical wires. Thismakes them ideal candidates forinternetworking technology asthey will need a common protocolthat can work over a variety ofphysical networks. These types ofdevices will become consumerdevices and will replace the cur-rent generation of cellularphones, pagers, and personal dig-ital assistants. In addition to theobvious requirement of an Inter-net protocol that can supportlarge-scale routing and address-ing, they will require an Internetprotocol that imposes a low over-head and supports autoconfigura-tion and mobility as a basicelement. The nature of nomadic computing requiresan Internet protocol to have built-in authenticationand confidentiality. It goes without saying that thesedevices will also need to communicate with the cur-rent generation of computers. The requirement forlow overhead comes from the wireless media. UnlikeLANs, which will be very high speed, the wirelessmedia will be several orders of magnitude slower dueto constraints on available frequencies, spectrum allo-cation, error rates, and power consumption.Another market is networked entertainment. Thefirst signs of this emerging market are the proposalsbeing discussed for 500 channels of television, videoon demand, etc. This is clearly a consumer market.The possibility is that every television set will becomean Internet host. As the world of digital high-defini-tion television approaches, the differences between acomputer and a television will diminish. As in the pre-vious market, this market will require an Internet pro-tocol that supports


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CMU CS 15744 - IP Next Generation Overview

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