Soc Perspective1A SOCIOLOGICAL PERPSECTIVEON FAMILY VIOLENCEOBJECTIVES • UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY• UNDERSTAND THE IDEA OF "SOCIAL CAUSES" AND LEARN HOW TO IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF DIFFERENT FAMILY PATTERNS, INCLUDING FAMILY VIOLENCESoc Perspective2INTERRELATION OF SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGYCHARACTERISTICS,& BEHAVIOR 0FAN INDIVIDUALPERSONCHARACTERISTICS OFA SOCIAL UNIT (FAMILY,CLUB, SCHOOL, STATE,NATION). INCLUDESCULTURAL NORMSAND BELIEFSCAUSE (“INDEPENDENT VARIABLE” ) EFFECT ( “DEPENDENT VARIABLE”) CHARACTERISTICS,& BEHAVIOR 0FAN INDIVIDUALPERSONCHARACTERISTICS OFA SOCIAL UNIT (FAMILY,CLUB, SCHOOL, STATE,NATION) . INCLUDESCULTURAL NORMSAND BELIEFSPSYCHOLOGYSOCIOLOGYSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYSoc Perspective3EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES IN ISSUES THAT ARE THE FOCUS OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY: The effect of a child’s temperament on the child’s reading abilityWhat Makes it Psychology?SOCIOLOGY: The effect of a child’s social class on whether a child goes to college, and which oneWhat makes it Sociology?SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYThe effect of a child’s temperament on the number of friends friendship groupThe effect of the number of friends on depressionWhat makes these Social Psychology?Soc Perspective4DIAGRAM AND EXAMPLES AREAN AID TO UNDERSTANDING,NOT LITERALLY TRUE• Deliberate exaggerations• Many exceptions • Much social psychology (especially small groups) is concerned with social organization• Much sociology uses psychological variables• Much anthropology is “social anthropology” and focuses on cultural norms and social organizationSoc Perspective5PSYCHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR AND FAMILY PATTERNS TYPE OF THEORY (EXPLANATION, CAUSE) PRESUMED OR INVED STUDIED PSYCHOLOGICAL: Characteristics of the individual persons such as intelligence, aggressiveness, depression, empathy CULTURAL: Traditions and customs transmitted through learning that govern the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them (Kottak 1997 12.2) SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL (1) A relatively stable pattern of relationships between individuals, or between groups, acting in specific capacities or roles. (2) The composition of a group, such as its size or its heterogeneity, for example: the size of a family, city, or nation; the degree of inequality in income within a group, whether one or both parents are employed outside the home. • CULTURE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ARE SOCIAL CAUSES • CULTURE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS “SOCIAL STRUCTURE” • ANTHROPOLOGY ALSO FOCUSES ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE BUT MOSTLY IN NON-WESTERN SOCIETIESSoc Perspective6WHAT IS A THEORYFor Purposes Of This Course* AN EXPLANATION FOR WHY SOMETHING EXISTS, OCCURS, OR CHANGES* “PROVEN” OR ESTABLISHED THEORY VERSUS HYPOTHESIZED THEORY • Proven means that the accumulated the evidence has reached the point where there is a concensus among scientists that the theory is correct. Examples: Heliocentric theory of the solar systemEvolutionBirds descended from dinasors now proven* ANY THEORY ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR THAT IDENTIFIES ONLYONE CASUSE IS PROBABLY WRONG IN THE SENSE OF INCOMPLETEAlmost all behavior has multiple causes. Examples:Drinking problemsMale dominance Social learningSoc Perspective7CULTURAL NORMS* THE RULES SPECIFYING HOW TO BEHAVE THAT ARE TAUGHT TO MEMBERS OF A SOCIETYOR SEGMENT OF SOCIETY* NORMS ARE USUALLY SPECIFIC TO A TYPE OF PERSON AND A TYPE OF SITUATIONWHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES?Children versus adultsIn class and at the beach, ski areaAmong family members versus others* MANY CULTURAL NORMS ARE LEARNED AND FOLLOWED WITHOUT AN AWARENESS OF FOLLOWING RULESSoc Perspective8THE CONCEPT OF A "SOCIAL SYSTEM"Social System is a concept that can help understanding all aspects of society, including violence• Parts are interrelated and influence each other• “Influence” does not mean one-to-one link. The fact that there are many influences makes that impossible.VIOLENCE LIKE ANY OTHER SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IS PART OF A SOCIAL SYSTEM• Many aspects of society promote or inhibit violence• Violence has many causes, not just one or two• Violence in one sphere of life influences violence in other spheres of lifeExamples on next slideSoc Perspective9EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC ASPECTSOF VIOLENCE: LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE INCREASES ILLEGITIMATE AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE•Corporal Punishment Of Children Increases Children Hitting Parents (next slide)•Corporal Punishment of Children Increases Hitting of Dating and Marital Partners•Capital Punishment Increases Murders•War Increases Homicide RatesSoc Perspective10Figure 1. PREVALENCE OFCORPORAL PUNISHMENT BY NUMBER OF CHILDRENCP20VB2BPAdjustedUnadjusted4550556065707580.1234+.NUMBER OF CHILDRENPERCENTSoc Perspective11Soc Perspective12FIG. 5 PERCENT OF CHILDREN HITTING PARENTS, BY VIOLENCE BETWEEN PARENTS AND PARENT-TO-CHILD VIOLENCE0%10%20%30%40%50%60%NO VIOLENCEBY PARENT(N=361)CORPORALPUNISH 1 OR 2TIMES (N=113)CORPORALPUNISH 3+TIMES (N=359)MORE SEVEREASSAULT(N=131)PARENT-TO-CHILD VIOLENCEPERCENT HITTING PARENTBOTH VIOLENTWIFE ONLYHUSBAND ONLYNEITHER VIOLENTWHAT DOES THIS CHART SHOW?A. Literal factsB. ConclusionsSoc Perspective13Soc Perspective14EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR• TWO ASEPCTS OF SOCIAL CAUSES* Cultural Norms* Social Organization• EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CAUSATION* I will give two examples, and explain them* Class will identify social causes for two family variables* You will write and identify two and turn those in for gradingSoc Perspective15 CHARACTERISTIC OR BEHAVIOR TO BE EXPLAINED TYPE OF CAUSE/EXPLANATION Parent Spanks Child PSYCHOLOGICAL CULTURAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL CLASS TO DISCUSS AND SUGGEST EXAMPLES OF EACHSoc Perspective16 CHARACTERISTIC OR BEHAVIOR TO BE EXPLAINED TYPE OF CAUSE/EXPLANATION Parent Spanks Child PSYCHOLOGICAL Parent with an aggressive personality CULTURAL Cultural norms permit or encourage spanking SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL Many children in the familySoc Perspective17 CHARACTERISTIC OR BEHAVIOR TO BE EXPLAINED TYPE OF CAUSE/EXPLANATION Making a daring run in football PSYCHOLOGICAL CULTURAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONALSoc Perspective18 CHARACTERISTIC OR BEHAVIOR TO BE EXPLAINED TYPE OF CAUSE/EXPLANATION Making a daring run in football PSYCHOLOGICAL Temperament of the player CULTURAL