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CHILD ABUSE: DEFINITION AND RATESSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271)Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15END FOR SOC 695Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24CA Def & Meas 1CHILD ABUSE:DEFINITION AND RATESSoc 695 Family Violence In Research World Perspective Murray A. StrausHOW MUCH CHILD ABUSE IS THERE?DEPENDS ON SOURCE OF DATACASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES* About a million cases per year (2000 rates)* A fraction of the real total* Percent of these million cases (not percent of all children)•Neglect 63%•Physical abuse 19%•Sexual abuse 10%•The million cases known to CPS are a fraction of the real numberThe most frequentCA Def & Meas 2PHYSICAL ABUSE DEFINITION•AN ACT•CARRIED OUT BY A CAREGIVER•WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING CHILD TO EXPERIENCE•SEVERE PHYSICAL PAIN OR PHYSICAL INJURYWHAT IF THERE IS NO PHYSICAL INJURY?WHAT THE LAW SAYS AND WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS"injured or high risk of injury"CA Def & Meas 3TWO WAYS OF DRAWING THE LINE BETWEENCORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PHYSICAL ABUSECULTURAL NORMS DEFINE WHAT IS ABUSEINJURY TO THE CHILD DEFINES WHAT IS ABUSEEXAMPLE OF HITTING WITH A BELT OR HAIR BRUSH• New Hampshire Supreme Court Decision• SwedenOTHER POINTS• Hitting or attempting to hit another adult is a crime even `when it does not cause injury• Regardless of physical injury, both physical abuse and corporal punishment cause psychological injury.CA Def & Meas 4CHILD ABUSE DEATHS IN THE USACHILD ABUSE DEATHS IN THE USAAbout 1,500 a year in recent years= About 4 children every daySTUDIES OF DEATH RECORDS & AUTOPSY REPORTS: MANY CASES MISSED IN OFFICIAL RECORDS – ACTUAL RATE COULD BE MUCH HIGHER% of Child Deaths Due to Maltreatmentbut Not Coded as SuchMcClain et al. (1993) Missouri 85% Crume et al. (2002) Colorado 1990 through 1998 50%Giddens et al. (1999) North Carolina 985 to 1994 60%CA Def & Meas 5USA: 1,500 PER YEAR; 4 PER DAY HOW DOES THE USA COMPARE WITH OTHER NATIONS?CA Def & Meas 6OF NON-FATAL PHYSICAL ABUSE0.1%2.3 or 11%ILLUSTRATES THE DIFFERENCE THAT THE MEASURE CAN MAKEWHAT BEHAVIORS ARE INCLUDED0.9%23 TO 100 TIMES GREATERCA Def & Meas 7CTSPCPARENT-CHILD CTS QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL ABUSECA Def & Meas 8ARAB ADOLESCENTSFATHER MOTHER SIBLINGCA Def & Meas 9CA Def & Meas 10How often did your caregivers push, grab, shove, or slap you?Never 46Rarely 25Sometimes 18Often 3Most of the time 3Always 2How often did your caregivers threaten you with a weapon?Never 84Rarely 7Sometimes 3Often <1Most of the time <1Always <151%13%Koenig, A. L., Ialongo, N., Wagner, B. M., Poduska, J., & Kellam, S. (2002). Negative caregiver strategies and psychopathology in urban, African-American young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 1211-1233.ARE THESE EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL ABUSE? WHY OR WHY NOT?CA Def & Meas 11How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bruising?Never 74Rarely 13Sometimes 7Often 1Most of the time <1Always <1How often did your caregivers hit you hard enough to cause bleeding?Never 91Rarely 4Sometimes 1Often <1Most of the time <1Always <124%8%CA Def & Meas 120%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%SPANK, SLAP SHOVE, KICK PULL EAR, HAIR BELT, BRUSH PUNCH, SOCKLOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXAREAHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXAREAMARIA AMELIA AZEVEDO AND VIVIANNE NORGUIRA DE AZEVEDO GUERRA, 2001 HITTING MANIA. SAO PAULO: IGLU EDITORIACHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271)AVEZEDO1CA Def & Meas 13IN MOST CONFIRMED CASES OF CHILD ABUSE THE CHILD IS NOT INJURED ENOUGH TO NEED MEDICAL ATTENTIONGarbarino -- 85% did not need medical attentionCanadian Incidence Study (2005) -- 90%CA Def & Meas 14WHAT CAUSES THE HUGE DIFFERFENCES IN RATES?Severity of the attacks studied – slapping to stabbingWhether the criterion is the attack or injuryHow many types of attacks are listed - example, soap in mouthAge of the children studiedWho provides the data: parent, child, human service professional, policeDifferences in social setting – cultural and social structural factors that are related to child abuse The context of the survey – “family problems” versus “crime”Random sample versus sample of families with a problemCA Def & Meas 15TYPICAL CASE OF PHYSICAL ABUSE VERSUS MEDIA CASE PHYSICAL ABUSE OF CHILDTYPICAL MEDIACASE CASEVIOLENT Corporal Cruel & ACTS Punishment often bizarreEscalates .. AttacksINJURY Child Child needsbruised medical careor dies COVERAGE Ignored by Front pageMediaunless acelebrityCA Def & Meas 16END FOR SOC 695CA Def & Meas 17SOME CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING HOW IMPORTANT A SOCIAL PROBLEM ISPREVALENCE RATEDEGREE OF HARM CAUSEDPercentage harmed (“effect size”)Severity of harmCULTURAL NORMSEACH OF THE ABOVE INFLUENCES THE OTHERTHE MOST HARMFUL PROBLEM FOR INDIVIDUALS MAY NOT BE THE BIGGEST PROBLEM FOR SOCIETYExample spanking versus physical abuse as risk factors for depressionCA Def & Meas 18THREE KEY THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT ANY ASPECT OF FAMILY VIOLENCE•PREVALENCE•CAUSES•EFFECTSCA Def & Meas 19CTSPCCA Def & Meas 20CA Def & Meas 21Rates for “Any Physical Maltreatment” are similar to those found in 4 Eastern European Countries by Sebre et alCA Def & Meas 22ARABADOLESCENTSCA Def & Meas 23AUSTRALIAN BIRTH COHORT STUDY ALL CHILDREN BORN IN QUEENSLAND IN 1983: 41,700, RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES 10% WERE ABUSED BY AGE 17 RateNeglect 4.1%Physical abuse 3.8%Emotional abuse 2.4%Sexual Abuse 2.3% US RATES FOR CASES KNOWN TO CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES ARE MUCH LOWER, BUT THEY ARE FOR ONE-YEAR US DISTRIBUTION OF CASES IS SIMILAR:Neglect half of all casesPhysical abuseEmotional abuseSexual Abuse US RATES FOR SELF-REPORTED ABUSE???CA Def & Meas 24Rank12345678910111213141516171819202122Hit by Parents when Under the Age of 12 (vs01)Site % USA-LOUISIAN 68.6MEX-JUAREZ 66.0CAN-WINNIPEG 64.4USA-MISSISSP 64.0USA-CINCINN 63.4HONGKONG 62.7USA-TX-N MEX 62.5KOR-PUSAN 58.8CAN-HAMILTON 58.4USA-UTAH 58.4CAN-LONDON 57.2NZL-CHRISTCH 55.2USA-TX-MEX 54.4CHE-FRENCH 51.9USA-NH 2 49.3USA-NH 1 44.0CHE-GERMAN 35.2CAN-MONTREAL 27.3PRT-BRAGA 23.5ISR-EMEKZYRL 22.8BRA-SAOPAULO 19.6NDL-AMSTRDAM 19.5Hit by Parents When a Teenager (vs02)Site % HONGKONG 56.4KOR-PUSAN 52.2PRT-BRAGA 45.5BRA-SAOPALO 40.0USA-MISSISSP 37.8USA-LOUISIAN 37.4USA-TX-MEX 34.5MEX-JUAREZ 30.1CAN-HAMILTON 26.5CAN-LONDON


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UNH SOC 695 - CHILD ABUSE: DEFINITION AND RATES

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