Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksOrganizationMANETs: IntroductionMANETs: OperationsMANET: ApplicationsIssues and ChallengesMAC for MANETCarrier-Sensing in MANETMACs Suitable for MANETIEEE 802.11 DCFIEEE 802.11 DCFDisadvantage of IEEE 802.11 DCFMAC: Advanced TopicsQoS-aware MAC protocolsExtend 802.11 DCF for Service Differentiation [Campbell’01]Black Burst [Sobrinho’99]Black BurstSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Black BurstsSlide 24Power SavingMAC Layer ApproachPS Mode in WLANsSlide 28ProblemsPAMAS [Singh’98]PAMASSTEM [Schurgers’02]Wakeup mechanismsMANET Power Saving Protocols [Tseng’02]Tseng’s ProtocolDominating-Awake-IntervalPeriodically–fully-awake-intervalQuorum-basedAsynchronous Wakeup: Formalized [Zheng’03]Slot AssignmentsMAC for Directional AntennaMore Spatial ReuseAntenna ModelSlide 44Directional Packet TransmissionMAC Designs for Directional AntennaORTS/OCTSORTS/OCTS – cont.D-MACDMAC: DRTS/OCTSDMAC: Pros and ConsDirectional NAVDirectional NAV (DNAV)Slide 54Slide 55Routing in Ad Hoc NetworksIssues in MANET RoutingClassification of Unicast Routing ProtocolsFlooding-Based RoutingProactive RoutingExamples of Proactive RoutingDestination Sequenced Distant Vector (DSDV) Routing [Perkins’94]Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) [Murthy’96]WRP - ContinuedHierarchical Routing SchemesCGSR [Chiang’97]On-demand (Reactive) RoutingAd hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing [Perking’99]AODV: Route DiscoveryAODVSlide 71Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [Johnson’96]DSR: Route DiscoveryDSR: Route ReplyDSRZone Routing Protocol (ZRP) [Haas’97]ZRP-ExampleSlide 78Slide 79Slide 80Location Informed Protocols for MANETLocation Aided Route DiscoveryPosition Based Packet ForwardingPosition Based Packet Forwarding: “Void “ AreaLAKER: Knowledge Guided Route Discovery [Li’03]LAKER: Dealing With “Void” AreaMulticasting in MANETsRoute structure considerationTaxonomy of current protocolsHierarchical MulticastingRelation to Underlying Unicast ProtocolTree-Structured Routing: MAODV [Royer’99]MAODV- Route RequestSlide 94Slide 95Slide 96MAODV--RepairingSlide 98Mesh-based Routing: ODMRP [Lee’99]ODMR—Mesh setupODMR– Mesh setupTCP in Ad hoc NetworksEffect of High BEREffect of Route ChangesEffect of Network PartitionsEffect of Multi-path RoutingSlide 107ConsequencesApproaches to Improve TCPWhere to Do Modifications?ATCP ApproachATCP in the TCP/IP StackAdapt to Ad-hoc EnvironmentTCP/ATCP BehaviorATCP statesTCP Persist ModeAdvantages of ATCPOverarching IssuesPower Aware RoutingQuality of Service (QoS)QoS in MANETs [Mohapatra’03]Compromising PrinciplesQoS Support in Physical ChannelsQoS Provisioning at the MAC LayerQoS Support using IEEE 802.11 DCFMACA/PR [Lin’97]QoS-aware Routing at the Network LayerCEDAR [Singha’99]Integrating QoS in Flooding-Based Route DiscoveryPANDA Approach [Li03]QoS Support using Bandwidth Calculations [Lin99]Multi-path QoS Routing [Liao01]Transport Layer Issues for QoS ProvisioningApplication Layer IssuesInter-Layer Design ApproachesSecurity IssuesVulnerabilitiesAttacksAttacks: IndicationsSolutionsDetectionNodes bearing Grudges [Buchegger’02]Selfish Gene [Dawkins’76]From Birds to Network NodesComponentsSlide 146ARIADNE [Hu’02]Attacker ModelOverview of TESLASlide 150ARIADNE Route DiscoveryReferencesSlide 153Slide 154Slide 155Slide 156Slide 157Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksMobile Ad Hoc Networks01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra22OrganizationOrganizationIntroduction and ArchitectureIntroduction and ArchitectureApplications and ChallengesApplications and ChallengesMedia Access ControlMedia Access ControlRouting in Ad Hoc NetworksRouting in Ad Hoc NetworksTransport Layer IssuesTransport Layer IssuesOverarching IssuesOverarching Issues01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra33MANETs: IntroductionMANETs: IntroductionMANETs are mobile nodes that form a MANETs are mobile nodes that form a network in an ad hoc mannernetwork in an ad hoc mannerThe nodes intercommunicate using single The nodes intercommunicate using single or multi-hop wireless linksor multi-hop wireless linksEach node in MANETs can operate as a Each node in MANETs can operate as a host as well as a routerhost as well as a routerThe topology, locations, connectivity, The topology, locations, connectivity, transmission quality are variabletransmission quality are variable01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra44MANETs: OperationsMANETs: OperationsSXYDSDZX01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra55MANET: ApplicationsMANET: ApplicationsCivilCivilWireless LANs/WANs – mobile and stationaryWireless LANs/WANs – mobile and stationaryRemote data collection and analysisRemote data collection and analysisTaxi/Cabs, Buses schedulingTaxi/Cabs, Buses schedulingDisaster recoveryDisaster recoveryCommunications over water using floatsCommunications over water using floatsVehicular Ad Hoc NetworkVehicular Ad Hoc NetworkDefenseDefenseBattlefield communications and data transferBattlefield communications and data transferMonitoring and PlanningMonitoring and Planning01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra66Issues and ChallengesIssues and ChallengesOperating in presence of unpredictable mobility Operating in presence of unpredictable mobility and environmental changesand environmental changesOperating in an error prone mediaOperating in an error prone mediaLow bandwidth channelsLow bandwidth channelsLow power devices with limited resourcesLow power devices with limited resourcesMaintaining and retaining connectivity and Maintaining and retaining connectivity and states states Security: infrastructure and communicationSecurity: infrastructure and communication01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra77MAC for MANETMAC for MANETSpecial requirementsSpecial requirements–Avoid interferences among simultaneous Avoid interferences among simultaneous transmissionstransmissionsYet, enable as many non-interfering transmissions as Yet, enable as many non-interfering transmissions as possiblepossibleFairness among transmissionsFairness among transmissions–No centralized coordinators, should function No centralized coordinators, should function in full distributed mannerin full distributed manner–No clock synchronization, asynchronous No clock synchronization, asynchronous operationsoperations01/14/1901/14/19Prasant MohapatraPrasant Mohapatra88Carrier-Sensing in MANETCarrier-Sensing in MANETProblemsProblems–Hidden terminal problemHidden terminal