1CVM 6101Radiographic Anatomy of the Hind LimbDaniel A. Feeney DVM, MSProfessor of Veterinary RadiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Goals & Expectations:– Identify specific structures or parts thereof– Understand why the views (projections) look as they do– Keep in mind that the items listed in the “to know” lists are from the perspective of practicing radiologists– If asked, be able to describe what soft-tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament, vessel) structure(s) attach to, pass through, or lie in contact with a given osseous anatomic landmark or regionVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA2CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Approach:– Introductory lectures defining the important structures and how they are viewed radiographically– Open session, instructor proctored group laboratory exercises wherein actual radiographs of the anatomic structures are viewed and understood– Web-based self-study sets both available on CD and from the web site http://www.academic-server.cvm.umn.edu/radiology/Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Sources of Information:– Anatomy Textbooks– Radiographic Anatomy Textbooks– General Veterinary Imaging Textbooks– U-MN Medical Imaging web site http://www.academic-server.cvm.umn.edu/radiology/Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTABasic Interpretive Considerations:• Silhouette Sign:– “When two structures of equal radiographic density are in contact, it is not possible to differentiate the border between them” (i.e. joint capsule obscured by overlying muscle). This applies primarily to general radiography and not to Ultrasonography or computer-assisted radiography such as Computed Tomography.3Silhouette Sign: (From Felson)CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]•Pelvis:–VÆD and Lateral (RÆL or LÆR) Views– Femurs “parallel” to table top– Obturator foramina should have same shapeon VD view– Sacrum should be centered between ilia of VD view– Ilia should be superimposed on Lateral viewVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Pelvis: Broad Anatomic Regions– Sacrum– Lumbosacral and Sacroiliac “junctions”– Bony pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis)– Pelvic symphysisVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA4CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Pelvis: Specific Morphology (VD)– Ischiatic tuberosities– Obturator foramina – Ilial “wing” and “shaft”– Acetabular fossa and notch– Iliopectineal eminence Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Pelvis: Specific Morphology (lateral)– Ischiatic tuberosities– Obturator foramina – Ilial “wing” and “shaft”– Acetabular fossa and notch– Iliopectineal eminence Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Femur (and Patella):–PÆA and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including ospenis, bony pelvis, fascial planes, testicles, etc.– Remember, this bone is attached to the pelvis by the round ligament @ the fovea capitis– Patella is a sesamoid in the tendon of the quadraceps femoris muscleVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA5CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Femur: Broad Anatomic Regions– Head (proximal epiphysis)– Neck –Shaft– Condyles (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Femur: Broad Anatomic Regions– Head (proximal epiphysis)– Neck –Shaft– Condyles (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Femur: Specific Morphology– Greater femoral trochanter– Lesser femoral trochanter– Trochanteric fossa– Fovea (femoral head)– Trochlea (ridges and groove)– Medial and lateral epicondyles– Medial and lateral condyles(and intercondylar fossa)– Nutrient foramenVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA6CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tibia:–AÆP or PÆA and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, opposite leg, etc.– Remember, this bone is attached to the femur by 3 major ligaments (2 collateral, 2 cruciet)– Remember, this bone is attached to the fibula which is also attached to the femur by 1 collateral ligamentVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tibia: Broad Anatomic Regions– Proximal epiphysis–Shaft – Distal epiphysisVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tibia: Broad Anatomic Regions– Proximal epiphysis–Shaft – Distal epiphysisVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA7CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tibia: Specific Morphology– Proximal articularsurface (plateau)– Intercondyloideminence – Tibial tuberosity– Popliteal sesamoid– Medial malleolus– Nutrient foramenVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Fibula:–AÆP and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, tibia, opposite limb, etc.– Remember, this bone is attached to the femur by 1 collateral ligamentVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Fibula: Broad Anatomic Regions– Head (proximal epiphysis)–Shaft – Lateral malleolus(distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA8CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tarsus:–AÆP and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, opposite limb, etc.– Remember, this series of bones is held together by 2 collateral ligaments and numerous intertarsal ligamentsVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tarsus: Broad Anatomic Regions– Proximal row of tarsal bones– Middle row of tarsal bones– Distal row of tarsal bonesVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tarsus: Broad Anatomic Regions– Proximal row of tarsal bones– Middle row of tarsal bones– Distal row of tarsal bonesVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA9CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Tarsus: Specific Morphology– Talus (tibial tarsal)– Trochlea (talus)– Calcaneus (Fibular tarsal)– Calcaneal tuber– Sustentaculum tali(calcaneus)– Central tarsal bone– I – IV tarsal