Anthropology 110 Test 1 ReviewDevlinChristin MaxwellChapter 11. What is Anthropology? Studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology2. Be able to define, explain and give examples of:3. Anthropology- Study of human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology4. Culture- Behavioral aspects of human adaptation/set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological means. Includes technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles.5. The subfields of anthropology:- Cultural/social anthropology- Study of patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical human cultures. Origins traced back to 19th century- Medical anthropology- Explores the relationship between various cultural attributes and health/disease- Urban anthropology- Study of urban areas and their affect on their inhabitants- Linguistic anthropology- Study of human speech and language, including the origins of language as well as specific languages. Trace historical ties between languages- Archaeology- Study of earlier cultures by anthropologists who specialize in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies.6. Ethnology- Study of human societies, traditionally those that are non-western7. Ethnography- A detailed and descriptive study of human societies8. Artifacts/material culture- Objects/materials made or modified for use by hominids. 9. Prehistoric archaeology- Identify and excavate remains of extinct species/civilizations10. Historic archaeology- Works with prehistoric and physical to make paleoanthropology11. Biological/physical anthropology- Study of human biology within the framework of evolution and with and emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture12. Osteology- Scientific study of bones13. Primatology- Scientific study of primates 14. Bioarchaeology- Study of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites15. Paleoanthropology- Study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution (through Fossils) 16. Primatology- The study of the living nonhuman primates (Jane Goodall-chimpanzees)17. Human variation- Differences that exist amongst human individuals or populations18. Molecular anthropology- Uses molecular analysis to determine evolutionary links between ancient and modern populations19. Forensic anthropology- Application of anthropology techniques to legal issues20. Scientific method- An approach to research where a problem is identified, hypothesis is stated, and that hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data21. Hypothesis- A provisional explanation of a phenomenon. Require testing to prove or reject22. Theory- Broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through the testing of hypothesesChapter 21. The significant periods of anthropological thought and the major events that separate them.- Middle Age- predominant world-view was that all aspects of nature neverchanged (shaped by a feudal society and rigid class system that hadn’t changed much in centuries. Generally accepted that all life on earth had been created by God exactly as it existed in the present (fixity of species)- Scientific Revolution- the discovery of the New World and circumnavigation of the globe overturned many basic ideas, including those towards biological change2. Understand the general theories that characterize these periods, and the historical figures that contributed to them.- Fixity of species- Idea that species and all things in nature do not change over time- Natural Selection- Charles Darwin &Alfred Russel Wallace, the single most important force of evolutionary change3. Understand the historical figures, the theories associated with them, and who they later influenced.- Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin, Lamarck, Alfred Wallace, Charles Lyell, Mary Anning4. Ussher—age of the Earth- Archbishop James Usher calculated the age of the earth using the bible. Added up all dates in bible (counted generations) to age earth at 6,000 years old. Created October 222, 4004BC. 5. Great Chain of Being/Scala Natural- human is ultimate outcome, chimps and apes are merely prototypes6. Earth’s place in the universe—when did perspectives change? 1514-Copernicus and then 1600s Galileo7. John Ray- Pioneered Taxonomy based on physical appearance (1660). First scientific classification of plants and animals.8. Linnaeus- Developed classification naming system still used today, classified by structure.9. Taxonomy- Science of naming and classifying species10. Binomial nomenclature- Classification system in which each species is assigned a 2-part scientific name11. Buffon- species change as they spread from original location, “flexibility” allows them to pass changes to offspring12. Cuvier- developed comparative anatomy, founded paleontology, proposed catastrophism13. Catastrophism- All earth’s landscapes produces by great catastrophies14. Erasmus Darwin- Thought all of life stemmed from one source and branched out into other parts. Charles Darwin’s grandfather15. Lyell- Promoted uniformitarianism16. Uniformitarianism- The observation that the geologic processes that operate in the world today also operated in the past.17. Lamarck- Suggested that life changed over time, said that animals could inherit acquired traits stemming from use and disuse18. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (4 principles include)- The steady increase in volume of organisms and their parts- The production of new organs is brought about by need or want- The development of organs and their action depends on their being used- Acquired new organs, or changes in organization, are passed on to futuregenerations19. Malthus- said human population increases exponentially, while food supplies increase arithmetically; factors that keep the population in check include war, famine & disease20. HMS Beagle- Ship that took Darwin to the Galapagos 21. Wallace- Survival of the fittest, camouflage 22. Natural selection- Variation selection due to competition, heritability23. Phylogeny- Hypothesis referring to patterns of relationship among species24. Phylogenetic tree- Chart showing evolutionary relationships, describes phylogeny25. Fitness- Ability to reproduce26. Variation- Individuals in a population exhibit variation. Some traits tend to improve an individual’s chances of survival and reproductive success, whereas others do