MIT, Spring 20076.012 Microelectronic Devices and CircuitsCharles G. SodiniJudy Hoyt, Jing KongKe Lu, Ivan NausiedaRavi Palakodety, Riccardo SignorelliLecture 1 – 6.012 Overview• Contents:– Overview of 6.012• Reading Assignment: – Howe and Sodini, Ch. 1Overview of 6.012• Introductory subject to microelectronic devices and circuits• Microelectronics is the cornerstone of:– Computer revolution– Communications revolution– Consumer Electronics revolutionIn last 30 years, computer performance per dollar has improved more than a million fold!Microelectronics:cornerstone of computing revolutionIn last 20 years, communication bandwidth through a single optical fiber has increased by ten-thousand fold.Microelectronics: cornerstone of communications revolutionMicroelectronics: cornerstone of consumer electronics revolutionLow power electronics enabling a variety of portable devicesSi digital microelectronics today• A thick web of interconnects, many levels deep. • High density of very small transistors.Take the cover off a microprocessor. What do you see?Intel’s Pentium IVInterconnectsToday, as many as 7 levels of interconnect using Cu.Transistor size scalingsize of human blood cell2-orders of magnitude reduction in transistor size in 30 years.Rabies virus at same scaleEvolution of transistor densityMoore’s Law: doubling of transistor density every 1.5 years4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.Intel processors2x/1.5yearBenefits of increasing transistor integration• system performance• cost-per-function, • power-per-function, and• system reliability.Exponential improvements in:Experimental SOI microprocessor from IBMClock speed4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.Transistor cost3-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.Cost per function4-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.Keys to success of digital microelectronics: I. Silicon• Cheap and abundant• Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties• Probably, the material best known to humankindKeys to success of digital microelectronics:II. MOSFETMOSFET = switchMetal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-Effect TransistorGood gain, isolation, and speedModern MOSFET structureKeys to success of digital microelectronics:III. MOSFET scalingMOSFET performance improves as size is decreased:• Shorter switching time• Lower power consumptionKeys to success of digital microelectronics:IV. CMOS• “Complementary” switch activates with V<0.• Logic without DC power consumption.CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorKeys to success of digital microelectronics:V. Microfabrication technology• Tight integration of dissimilar devices with good isolation • Fabrication of extremely small structures, precisely and reproducibly• High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield.1 Gbit DRAM from IBMKeys to success of digital microelectronics:VI. Circuit engineering• Simple device models that:– are based on physics– allow analog and digital circuit design– permit assessment of impact of device variations on circuit performance• Circuit design techniques that:– are tolerant to logic level fluctuations, noise and crosstalk– are insensitive to manufacturing variations– require little power consumptionContent of 6.012• Deals with microelectronic devices– Semiconductor physics– Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)– Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)• Deals with microelectronic circuits– Digital circuits (mainly CMOS)– Analog circuits (BJT and MOS)• The interaction of devices and circuits captured by
View Full Document
Unlocking...