11Police ProcessPolice ProcessDaeDae--Hoon KwakHoon KwakMichigan State UniversityMichigan State UniversityCJ 335CJ 335Summer 2006Summer 20066/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 14Lecture 14Police-Community Relations II22Outline for the lectureOutline for the lecture6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Explain how police field practices affect PCRExplain how police field practices affect PCR••Identify the historical and current context of police Identify the historical and current context of police employment practicesemployment practices••Discuss possibilities to improve PCRDiscuss possibilities to improve PCR33Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Use of Physical Force- Police brutality: the use of excessive physical force by the police (most common complaint by minorities)- E.g., Rodney King case, Philadelphia PD Case [Video Clip]- POs have authority to use force by law in certain situations a. To protect themselvesb. To effect on arrestc. To overcome resistanced. To bring a dangerous situation under control44Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Use of Physical Force (cont.)- Use of Force Continuum (e.g., Chicago PD)Resistance Force options1 Cooperative (w/o direction) 1 Presence2 Cooperative (with direction) 2 Verbal direction3 Passive 3 Simple physical restraint(hand cuffing, OC spray..)4 Active 4 Counters moves(blocking, takedown,TASER)5 Aggressively w/o weapon 5 Mechanical force(striking, baton, K9..)6 Physical injury 6 Impact weapon 7 Deadly 7 Firearm55Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Use of Physical Force (cont.)-Excessive force: any level of force more than is necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose (i.e., level of resistance < level of force option)- Use of force statistically infrequent event (BJS, 1999): some kinds of force in less than 1% (.3%) of all encounters with citizens- Real incidence is much higher (cf., unfounding issue)- BJS, 421,000 force incidents per year, 1,100 per day (360 excessive force incidents), incidents occur in large cities, may accumulate over time66Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Use of Physical Force (cont.)- Situational factors: POs more likely to use force against:a. Criminal suspects (4-6% of all encounters)b. Male suspectsc. A.A. malesd. Drunk citizense. Citizens antagonistic to the policef. Those who offer physical resistanceg. Citizen resistance and discourtesy- Police Foundation Study (2000)a. 21.7% agree that officers in the dept.s sometimes, often or always use more force than is necessary to make an arrest77Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Use of Physical Force (cont.)- Police Foundation Study (cont.)b. 57.1% black officers agree that officers are more likely to use physical force against blacks and otherminorities (vs. 5.1% for white officers)c. Black officers thought white officers are more likely to use force against poor people than middle income- Critics assume excessive force involves white officers against minority citizens, but Reiss found white and black officers equally likely to use force and officers were more likely to use force against their own race88Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Arrests- A.As arrested (30%) more often than whites relative to their population (12%)- Arrest is a common experience for Y.B.Ms in the inner city- Donald Black’s situational factors, Race is not a direct factor in arrest decisions (blacks were arrested due to disrespect of the police)- Characteristics of crime victims have some impact on racial pattern of arrest (A.As request arrest more often, police more likely to comply with wishes of whites (especially, A.A suspects in property crimes)99Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Arrests (cont.)- Demeanor of suspects: complexa. A.As (juveniles) were more likely to be arrested because of antagonism b. A consequence and not a cause of arrest (much of it occur after the arrest)c. No study have determined the extent to which the demeanor of suspects is provoked by POs- A.As are arrested on the basis of less stringent legal criteriaa. A.As arrested on weaker evidence (more arrest charges dropped by POs and prosecutors)1010Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Arrests (cont.)- Drug offensesa. The greatest racial disparities in arrest involving drug offenses (about 37% of all drug arrest for A.As)b. NHS of Drug Use: the rates of illegal drug use among different racial and ethnic groups are not different, A.As slightly more likely to use illegal drug than whitesc. Police target A.As for drug enforcement (i.e., contextual discrimination)1111Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Arrests (cont.)- In sum, patterns of arrest by race are extremely complex. A.A.s are arrested far more often than whites. - Much of this disparity can be attributed to the greater involvement of minorities in serious crime. - Greater disrespect for the police also contributes to arrest disparity. - Even after all the relevant variables are controlled, some evidence of arrest discrimination against A.A.s persists1212Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Field Interrogations- FIs (pedestrian stops) are a police crime control strategy designed to apprehend offenders, send a message of deterrence to people on the street- Young racial and ethnic minority males regard this practice as “harassment” (46.4% A.As vs. 9.6% Whites)-NY State Studya. A.As stopped at a higher rate than their presence in Pop.b. A.As stopped at a higher rate than the arrest data predictc. Police often lacked adequate cause for stop, few stops of A.As resulted in an arrest1313Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Field Interrogations (cont.)- San Diego Field Interrogation Study- All of the people stopped and questioned were male (about 60% for juveniles)17.548.24.846.705101520253035404550Control Special FIPopFis1414Police Field Practices (cont.)Police Field Practices (cont.)6/20/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Being “Out of Place”