Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 citiesForStephen Crolius, Director – Transportation, Clinton Climate InitiativeAlfred Wiederer & Ronald Philip (MPP ’10)Advisor: Prof. Jose Gomez-IbanezSeminar Leaders: Prof. Hermann Bennett & Dean John HaighPolicy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities | R. Philip & A. Wiederer1Table of ContentsAcknowledgements.......................................................................................................................................3Index of abbreviations...................................................................................................................................4Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................51. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................81.1 Client background & client research needs.........................................................................................81.2 Research methods .............................................................................................................................101.3 The role of EVs in achieving emissions reduction & other public policy objectives.......................101.4 Current EV & EV charging landscape..............................................................................................111.5 City government role in EV deployment..........................................................................................141.6 Key questions addressed in this report..............................................................................................152. Is the availability of charging infrastructure a barrier to the deployment of EVs?.................................162.1 What consumers desire from EVs.....................................................................................................162.2 Barriers to large scale adoption of EVs ............................................................................................183. Barriers to large scale deployment of EV charging infrastructure..........................................................263.1 Regulatory barriers............................................................................................................................263.2 Economic barriers.............................................................................................................................293.2.1 Main determinants for structure of charging infrastructure.......................................................293.2.2 Economics of a single charging station......................................................................................343.2.3 Economics of a charging station network..................................................................................463.3 Technology barriers ..........................................................................................................................513. Policy options for EV charging infrastructure........................................................................................554.1 Policy levers......................................................................................................................................554.2 Analysis of city government policy levers........................................................................................564.3 Frameworks for evaluation and choice of appropriate policy levers................................................584. Recommendations...................................................................................................................................61Appendix I: City Case Studies....................................................................................................................65Case Study 1: Singapore.........................................................................................................................65Case Study 2: Bangalore.........................................................................................................................68Case study 3: London..............................................................................................................................70Case study 4: Berlin................................................................................................................................73Appendix II: Policy levers for influencing deployment of EVs and EV charging infrastructure...............76Appendix III: Figures and graphs ...............................................................................................................79Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities | R. Philip & A. Wiederer2Appendix IV: Bibliography ........................................................................................................................88Appendix V: List of Interviews ..................................................................................................................91The cover page photograph is of Portland city Mayor Sam Adams announcing a collaboration with Nissan for an electric vehicle charging network in Oregon, USA. Photo source: gas2.org1Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities | R. Philip & A. Wiederer3AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge and express our gratitude to a number of people who graciously contributed their time towards this report:Steve Crolius, Director of Transportation at the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI), who provided us with an exciting and challenging live public policy problem that we could analyze and make recommendations on, and for meeting with us at regular intervals throughout the academic year to provide useful feedback on our work and insights into his fascinating EV work around the world. Prof. Jose Gomez-Ibanez at the Harvard Kennedy School, our Academic Advisor for our PAE, who provided valuable feedback and suggestions on the report structure and methodology, as well as on multiple drafts of the report.Prof. Hermann Bennett and Dean John Haigh, at the Harvard Kennedy School, who provided useful guidance and feedback throughout the course of the academic year.Sarah Potts (CCI
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