Abnormal PsychologyAn Integrative Approach to PsychopathologyOutlineOne-Dimensional Versus Multidimensional ModelsSlide 5Slide 6Biological Contributions to PsychopathologySlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16How neurotrasmitters and drugs influencing them workSlide 18Slide 19Psychological Contributions to PsychopathologySlide 21Slide 22Cultural, social and developmental factorsIntegrative approachClinical Assessment and DiagnosisSlide 26Assessing Psychological DisorderSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Rorschach inkblot testSlide 32Slide 33Diagnosing Psychological DisordersSlide 35Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal PsychologyLecture 2Lecture 2An Integrative Approach to An Integrative Approach to PsychopathologyPsychopathologyChapter 2Chapter 2Outline•One-Dimensional Versus Multidimensional Models•Biological Contributions to Psychopathology•Psychological Contributions to Psychopathology•Cultural, Social and Developmental FactorsOne-Dimensional Versus Multidimensional Models•Factors contributing to psychological disorder–Biological•Genetics, brain and neural systems–Psychological•Behavioral and cognitive factors, unconscious processes, learned helplessness–Social•Friends and family, social learning–Developmental•More or less reactivity, critical periodOne-Dimensional Versus Multidimensional Models Judy – each of the four groups should pick one of the four factors and develop arguments about what could have caused Judy’s illness•Try to persuade your classmates in the other group that your factors are the right explanation of Judy’s disorderOne-Dimensional Versus Multidimensional ModelsBiological Contributions to Psychopathology•Genetic contributions to psychopathology–Genes are very long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes (23 pairs), within the cell nucleus–Most of our behavior and personality is probably polygenic (influenced by many genes)–There are no individual genes for mental disorders–In general – our psychological make-up is heritable up to 50%Biological Contributions to Psychopathology•The Interaction of Genetics and Environmental Effects–The Diathesis-Stress Model•The diathesis (inherited tendency) interacts with stress we encounter; the more diathesis the less stress needed to initiate the illness–The Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model•Genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life eventsBiological Contributions to Psychopathology•Neuroscience and its contributions to psychopathology–The Central Nervous System–Structures contributing to psychopathology–NeurotransmitersBiological Contributions to PsychopathologyBiological Contributions to PsychopathologyBiological Contributions to PsychopathologyBiological Contributions to PsychopathologyBiological Contributions to PsychopathologyBiological Contributions to Psychopathology•Neuron structure•Cell body, dendrites, axon, synaptic cleft•Neurotransmitters•Chemicals released from axon of one nerve cell that transmit the impulse to the receptors of another nerve cell•There are multiple neurotransmitter currents (brain circuits) in the brain•Drugs can influence neurotransmitters as agonists (increase the activity of a neurotrasmitter), antagonists (decrease or block) or inverse agonists (effects opposite to effects of a neurotrasmitter)Biological Contributions to Psychopathology•Neurotransmitters–Serotonin•regulates moods, thought processes, regulation of eating, sexual and aggressive behavior •Redux (antiobezity)and Prozac (antidepressant)–Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)•Reduces anxiety, overall arousal and emotional responses (aggressive behavior, hostility)How neurotrasmitters and drugs influencing them workBiological Contributions to Psychopathology•Neurotransmitters–Norepinephrine•Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration; contributes to panic attacks, anxiety and mood disorders (beta-blockers)–Dopamine•Activates other neurotransmitters and aids in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors•Excess is implicated in schizophrenia and deficit in Parkinson’s diseaseBiological Contributions to Psychopathology•genetic contributions may lead to patterns of neurotransmitter activity that influence personality•psychological treatment can influence neural circuits directly (e.g. OCD)•extreme abuse severely impedes intellectual, emotional, and social growth•psychosocial factors changes activity levels of neurotransmitters (e.g. sense of control and reaction to GABA antagonist)Psychological Contributions to Psychopathology •Learned helplessness–Martin Seligman–if people believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives, they give up attempting to cope and develop depression•Social learning–people can learn a lot by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation (modeling or observational learning)Psychological Contributions to Psychopathology •Prepared learning–we became highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution•Cognitive science and the unconscious–we are not aware of much of what goes on inside our heads–dissociation between consciousness and behavior (blind sight and implicit memory)Psychological Contributions to Psychopathology •emotions–components of emotions (physiological reactions, motor expression, action tendency, appraisal (CBT), subjective feeling)–emotions (last from several minutes to several hours), mood (more persistent affect), affect (momentary emotional tone)–influence of anger and hostility on heart is much stronger than stress alone–suppressing emotional reactions has significant physiological consequencesCultural, social and developmental factors•voodoo and other disorders–voodoo death -intolerable autonomic arousal combined with lack of social support•gender differences–women – an insect or small animal phobia–men – alcoholism•social effects–social relationships seem to protect individuals against many physical and psychological disorders•the principle of equifinality–developmental psychopathology says that a behavior or disorder may have several different causesIntegrative approach•applying contributions from all the factors to explain causes of a mental disorder in a specific individualintegrative approachClinical Assessment and Clinical Assessment and