Public/Private Roles in Rail SystemsJapanArgentinaArgentina (cont'd)British RailLondon Underground PPPTren UrbanoPUERTO RICO: Some Relevant DataPUERTO RICO: Some Relevant Data (continued) Traffic CongestionTren UrbanoEnvironmental Permit ScheduleTren Urbano Master PlanAlignment by Segments – Phase IAlignment Phase I- IATren Urbano Phase I - SummaryTren Urbano: Short-term ResultsOther US Urban Rail SystemsNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20061Public/Private Roles in Rail Systems• Japan (late 1980s)• Argentina (mid 1990s)• British Rail (late 1990s)• US Intercity Passenger• London Underground PPP (2002)• Puerto Rico - Tren Urbano (2004)• Other US urban rail systemsNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20062Japan• JNR was privatized in 5 geographical units with vertical integration - internal restructuring approach• Surplus labor was not transferred• Government takes the lead in new high-speed rail infrastructure• JRs (East, Central, etc.) have to operate at a profit• Government controls fare levels• Viewed as a successful modelNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20063Argentina• National, regional rail and subway system serving Buenos Aires with– massive fare evasion– excess labor and many "no show" employees– inadequate maintenance– no investment– strong labor unions• Restructured as 7 separate bid packages with vertical integration• Public sector owns facilities and sets fares, schedules, investment requirements• Contractor keeps fare revenue• Ten-year concessions agreements• Subsidy to be continued with awards based on minimum subsidy bidNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20064Argentina (cont'd)• Required at least 2 operators so competition threat remained• World Bank funded buyout of excess labor• Broad outreach to solicit interested bidders• Lengthy bidding and transition process harmed the systemImmediate (1-year) results:• Improved quality, fare collection and ridership up by 30%Longer-term (5-year) results:• At least one of four concessionaires performing poorly• Non-cooperation on unified fare system• Lobbying to change contract terms and duration• Quantity and Quality of public monitoring function eroded• Government late on paymentsNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20065British Rail• British Rail restructured into ~100 separate companies (vertical segmentation) including:• Train Operating Companies (TOCs)• Rolling Stock Leasing Companies• Infrastructure company • Oversight from the Office of the Rail Regulator• TOC concessions awarded for seven-year terms with subsidy built in• Infrastructure company, originally Railtrack, was a shareholder-owned company with assets transferred from the government and income from TOC access charges• Railtrack did an inadequate job on maintenance and ended up going out of business• Replaced by Network Rail as a public entityNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20066London Underground PPP• Operation of Underground remains responsibility of LUL -a public sector entity• Infrastructure companies awarded long-term concessions to finance, improve, and maintain the rolling stock and infrastructureNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20067Tren Urbano• New heavy rail/metro system for San Juan metropolitan area• Design-Build-Operate-Maintain approach taken• Public sector controls schedules and fares and retains fare revenue, but with operator revenue incentive• Aggressive outreach for consortia to bid on RFPNigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 20069PUERTO RICO: Some Relevant Data• Population: 3.6 million U.S. Citizens.• 37% of the population (1.3 million people) lives in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.• Population density:– Island 1,028/square mile– San Juan Metropolitan Area 3,410/square mile– City of San Juan 8,500/square mile(In some sections of the City you find densities comparable to those of N.Y. City.)• Population in the San Juan Metropolitan Area is expected to increase by 20% for the year 2010, for a total that year of 1.55million people.Nigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 200610PUERTO RICO: Some Relevant Data (continued)• 146 vehicles per mile of paved road:– The highest such ratio in the world.– Three times more than in the continental U.S.• In SJMA urban core:– 4,286 cars per square mile.• 1.3 million residents of SJMA generate more than 3.2 million trips per day.• Person trips per day are expected to increase 45% by the year 2010, for a total that year of 4.6 million trips per day.• Daily trips per person are expected to increase from 2.46 in 1990 to 3.0 in 2010, a rate that is substantially lower than for most major U.S. cities, and which indicates a suppressed travel demand.Nigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 200611Traffic Congestion• High population density.• Concentrated patterns of development:– 1/3 of the population of the SJMA lives in San Juan.– 1/3 of the population of the SJMA lives in Bayamón and Carolina.– 63% of the jobs of the SJMA are located in San Juan.– 26% of the jobs of the SJMA are located in Bayamón, Carolina, and Guaynabo.• Limited system of main roads: only approximately 1/4 of the roads in the SJMA have 4 lanes or more.• Decrease in the use of public transportation: from 37% in 1964, to less than 10% in 1990.Nigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 200612Tren Urbano• Fixed guideway rail transit will operate independently of vehicular traffic and serve as the backbone of a multimodal transportationsystem for the San Juan Metropolitan Area.• 10.5-mile (17-kilometer) inverted L-shaped alignment serving Bayamón, Guaynabo, the Medical Center, Río Piedras/UPR, HatoRey, and Santurce.• 16 stations and a storage and maintenance yard.• Travel time of approximately 30 minutes between Bayamón and Santurce.• Approximately 50% of the alignment makes use of existing ROW.• 60% of the alignment will be elevated; 40 % will be at-grade.• Expected ridership: minimum of 115,000 passengers per day.• Estimated cost: $1.675 billion.Nigel H.M. Wilson 1.201, Lecture 20 Fall 200613• DEIS, Comments Period March 21-May 27, 1995• DEIS, Public Hearing April 27, 1995• FEIS, Comments Period November 6-December 28, 1995• FEIS Approval by P.R. EQB January 22, 1996• ROD (Record of Decision) February 7, 1996• Full Funding Grant Agreement February 13, 1996(FFGA)• P.R. Planning Board Approval May 1,