AHIS 120g 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideCIVIC IDENTITY IN LATE MEDIEVAL ITALY- Panel painting: Painting on wooden panels. Until the introduction of canvas in the 15th century,wooden panels were the standard support in painting.- Atmospheric perspective: the effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it isviewed from a distance.o As the distance between an object and a viewer increases, the contrast between the objectand its background decreases, and the contrast of any markings or details within the objectalso decreases.o The colors of the object also become less saturated and shift towards the background color.- The Black Death: one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europebetween 1348 and 1350.o The plague then travelled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, it was probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.o Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60 percent of Europe's population.o All in all, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million to between350 and 375 million in the 14th century.o The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history. Sienna- Duccio di Buoninsegna of Siena directed another busy and influential workshop in theneighboring Tuscan city of Siena.- Siena competed with Florence on a number of fronts—economic, military and cultural. - Siena took the Virgin Mary as its protector and patron. - Virgin and Child in Majesty (Maesta) (ca. 1308)o Adornment for the cathedral—an altarpiece.o Painted in tempera, Duccio’s image measures 7 b 13 feet without its architectural frameand many subsidiary elements.o It takes the shape of a polyptych—a multipaneled work.o The regal figures of the Virgin and Child in the Maesta sit on a complex throne draped ingolden cloth.o The Virgin is the largest and most impressive figure. Swathed in the rich blue, surrounded by a balanced arrangement of saints andangles bearing a golden halo. o Duccio relaxes the rigid, angular of classicism so that they give way to an undulatingsoftness. o Byzantine painting preserved aspects of ancient illusionism, which inspired Duccio to aprofound degree. The large use of gold—gold is characteristic of Byzantine.o Duccio also reflects contemporary Gothic sensibilities in the fluidity of the drapery, theappealing naturalness of the figures, and the glances by which the figures communicatewith each other.- Annunciation, Simone Martini (1333)o Painted by Italian Gothic artist Simone Martini, now housed in the Uffizi Gallery inFlorence, Italy. It is a wooden triptych painted in tempera and gold, with a central panelhaving double size.o The painting originally decorated the altar of St. Ansanus in the Cathedral of Siena, andhad been commissioned as part of a cycle of four altarpieces dedicated to the city'spatrons saints (St. Ansanus, St. Sabinus of Spoleto, St. Crescentius and St. Victoro The use of expensive lacquer in the paintings and lapis lazuli shows the prestige of thecommission.o The work, in both size and style, has no similarities with any other contemporarypainting in Italy. It can be compared instead to French illuminated manuscripts of thattime.o Shows the archangel Gabriel entering the house of the Virgin Mary to communicate herthat she will soon get pregnant. He holds an olive tree branch in a hand (a traditionalsymbol of peace), while the other hands points at the Holy Ghost's dove.o At the sides, the two patrons saints of the cathedral are separated by the central sceneby two decorate twisting columns- Allegory of Good Government in the City, Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1340)o Frescoes are painted in the Gothic Style. The paintings are located in the Sala dei Nove(Salon of Nine or Council Room) in the Palazzo Pubblico (or Town Hall) of the city ofSiena, Italy.o The composition is built up from three horizontal bands. In the foreground the figures ofcontemporary Siena are represented. The citizens act as symbolic representations of thevarious civic officers and magistrates.o The upper band indicates the heavenly sphere with the floating bodiless ghosts of thevirtues. Wisdom sits above the head of the personification of the Commune of Siena.o Wisdom sits above the head of the personification of the Commune of Siena. He sitsupon a throne and holds an orb and scepter, symbolizing temporal power.o The figures are naturalistic, and supposedly the female figures represented the ideal offemale beauty in Siena.o At the feet of the ruler are two playing children. They could be the sons of Remus: Asciusand Senius, who, according to Roman legend, are the founders of SienaRENAISSANCE PAINTING IN NORTHERN EUROPE- Disguised symbolism: occurs when almost any detail within the picture may carry a symbolicmessage.- Iconography:- Trample l’oeil- Diptych: an altarpiece composed of two sections.- Triptych: an altarpiece composed of three sections- Polyptych: an altarpiece composed of four or more sections- As the 14th century came to an end, the medieval agrarian economy was giving away to an economybased on manufacturing and trade, activities that took place in urban centers.- A social shift accompanied this economic change.o Most city dwellers belonged to the middle classes, whose upper ranks enjoyed literature,leisure and disposable income.- Two of the most far-reaching changes concerned increased literacy and changed in religiousexpression. - A new style of visual art that stressed naturalism accompanied social and political changes.o New ranks of society—bureaucrats and merchants—also became art patrons.o Using oil paints, artists in the Netherlands made paintings with a close approximation tooptical reality.o By the midcentury, this strongly naturalistic style became the dominant visual language ofnorthern Europe, attracting patrons from all classes and many countries.Courtly art: the International Gothic- The French court prized expensive, custom-made illuminated manuscripts similar to those from theMedieval Ages.- Tres Riches Heures is one of the most famous examples of the Limbourg Brothers, and a