C Programming LanguageName: Chun Chung Cheung Course: CIS24 SA Date: 3/10/2003 Project #1 Prof: Dr. Kopec Subject: Imperative Programming Language C Programming Language C is an imperative programming paradigm, because it is based on a series of commands that update variable held in storage. C is a member of the Algol family, similar to languages such as, PL/I, Pascal and Ada. It was created by Dennis Ritchie at U.S. Bell Laboratories in early 1970’s, as a system implementation on a DEC PDP-11. The language C also incorporates many of ideas introduced by Basic Combined Programming Language (BCPL) and B programming language. C was implemented in Unix operating systems in 1972. In Unix operating system, there were more than 90 percent of codes written by C. In 1988, an official standard was established for C by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI), which we call standard C. C is a single and not strongly typed language and supports several data types; for example, integers, characters, Boolean and floating-point numbers. It has a simple, elegant syntax with no formatting restrictions. A C program can be written on one or many lines. Function syntax and semantics are also straightforward and easy to understand. Moreover, it contains pointers, conditionals, looping, functions and recursion implementation. C is a general-purpose programming language and has been used for a wide range of applications such as, scientific, engineering and commercial applications. It’s also oneof the well known programming language for education in computer science, because C provides a basis for learning other languages and uses to introduce structured programming and data structure concepts. The language C is a powerful programming language, because it is able to run on different systems and platforms, ranging from supercomputers down to 8 bits microcomputers. The Input and Output to files and terminal are quite flexible. C supports user-defined types, it is convenient for programmers to define different data types in an object. C provides several standards (ANSI C) libraries, which is helpful for programmers to write their programs. In addition, C has an efficient compiler, because it is faster to generate an executable program from a source file. It is also considered to be more a machine-independent assembly language than a high level language. Therefore, many systems programmers and computer experts use C as a programming language to implement codes in operating systems and different applications. However, the C programming language is not easy to write, because programmers have to realize data and function abstraction. C also is not supported concurrency operation and object oriented programming. In 1980s, there was a rapid growth in interest in the object-oriented program and C was enhanced version to C++ in order to design object oriented programming. For example, there are two simple codes to show the syntax and operations in C. This is a while loop in Figure 1. The program is going to print Hi on the same line five times and Bye on the next line. In figure 2, there is a function or subroutine call for calculating the sum of index from the array num.Figure 1. #include <stdio.h> int main() { int= n; while(n<=5) { printf(“Hi!\t”); n=n+1; } printf(“ \nBye!\n”); } Figure 2. int sumarray( int num [], int n) { int sum, count; sum=0; for( count=0; count<n; count++) sum+= num[count]; return sum; } References: Watt, David Anthony. Programming language concepts and paradigms. UK: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1990. Allen Tucker and Robert Noonan. Programming languages: principles and paradigms. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002. Amir Afzal. Pure C Programming. NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1999. Jacqueline A. Jones & Keith Harrow. Problem Solving with C California: Scott/Jones Inc., Publishers,