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Protein Structure and Enzyme Function

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Protein Structure and Enzyme FunctionFour Levels of Protein StructureProteins: StructureProteins: Structure Forming the Protein ChainSlide 5PowerPoint PresentationSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Applying Your KnowledgeEnzymes Assist in Biological ReactionsProperties of EnzymesEnzyme-Substrate InteractionsActivation Energy: Controls Rate of ReactionSlide 17Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzymatic ActivitySlide 19Protein Structure and Protein Structure and Enzyme FunctionEnzyme FunctionHow Protein Activity Depends How Protein Activity Depends on Proper Foldingon Proper FoldingFour Levels of Protein StructureFour Levels of Protein StructurePrimaryPrimary(Sequence)(Sequence)PrimaryPrimary(Sequence)(Sequence)SecondarySecondary(Coiling by (Coiling by Hydrogen Bonding)Hydrogen Bonding)SecondarySecondary(Coiling by (Coiling by Hydrogen Bonding)Hydrogen Bonding)TertiaryTertiary(Folding by (Folding by R-group R-group interactions)interactions)TertiaryTertiary(Folding by (Folding by R-group R-group interactions)interactions)QuaternaryQuaternary(Two or more chains (Two or more chains associating)associating)QuaternaryQuaternary(Two or more chains (Two or more chains associating)associating)Proteins: StructureProteins: StructureAminoAminoGroup Group The “R” GroupThe “R” GroupDiffers for Each Amino AcidDiffers for Each Amino AcidCarboxylic AcidCarboxylic AcidGroupGroupCentralCentralCarbonCarbonRR•Primary structure = chain of amino acidsPrimary structure = chain of amino acids–Amino acids have common featuresAmino acids have common featuresProteins: StructureProteins: Structure Forming the Protein ChainForming the Protein ChainDehydration Synthesis between COOH & NH2PhenylalaninePhenylalanineLeucineLeucineProteins: StructureProteins: Structure Forming the Protein ChainForming the Protein ChainWaterWaterWaterWaterThe Peptide BondThe Peptide BondThe Peptide BondThe Peptide BondPhenylalanine-Leucine DipeptidePhenylalanine-Leucine DipeptideFour Levels of Protein StructureFour Levels of Protein Structure•Secondary Structure:Secondary Structure: Folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the Folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the amino and acid groups of amino acidsamino and acid groups of amino acidsCONHCONHCONHCONHorFour Levels of Protein StructureFour Levels of Protein Structure•Tertiary Structure:Tertiary Structure: Three dimensional folded structure due to Three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groupsattractions and repulsions between R groupsCan involveCan involvecovalent bondingcovalent bondinghydrogen bondinghydrogen bondingionic interactionsionic interactionshydrophilic and hydrophobic interactionshydrophilic and hydrophobic interactionsFour Levels of Protein StructureFour Levels of Protein Structure•Quaternary Structure:Quaternary Structure: Association of two or more protein Association of two or more protein chainschains eg. Hemoglobin is composed eg. Hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein chains of 4 protein chains 2 are called alpha 2 are called alpha hemoglobin hemoglobin 2 are called beta 2 are called beta hemoglobin hemoglobinApplying Your KnowledgeApplying Your KnowledgeA.A.Which structure results from hydrogen Which structure results from hydrogen bonding?bonding?B.B.Which structure involves an association of two Which structure involves an association of two or more protein chains?or more protein chains?C.C.Which structure describes the linear sequence Which structure describes the linear sequence of amino acids?of amino acids?D.D.Which structure depends upon interactions Which structure depends upon interactions between the R groups of the amino acids? between the R groups of the amino acids? 1.1.Primary Primary 2.2.Secondary Secondary 3.3.TertiaryTertiary4.4.QuaternaryQuaternaryEnzymes Assist in Biological ReactionsEnzymes Assist in Biological Reactions•Enzymes are biological catalysts.Enzymes are biological catalysts. biological: composed of proteinbiological: composed of protein or, rarely, RNAor, rarely, RNA catalyst: speeds up a reactioncatalyst: speeds up a reaction without being changed without being changed by the reactionby the reactionProperties of EnzymesProperties of Enzymes•Most enzymes are proteins. Most enzymes are proteins. •All enzymes are SPECIFIC for the reactants All enzymes are SPECIFIC for the reactants (substrates) in the reactions that they (substrates) in the reactions that they catalyze. catalyze. •Enzymes speed up biological reactions by Enzymes speed up biological reactions by lowering the activation energy for the lowering the activation energy for the reaction. reaction.Enzyme-Substrate InteractionsEnzyme-Substrate InteractionsSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateSubstrateEnzymeEnzymeEnzymeEnzymeActiveActiveSiteSiteActiveActiveSiteSite11Substrates Substrates enter active enter active sitesite11Substrates Substrates enter active enter active sitesite22Shape change Shape change promotes reactionpromotes reaction22Shape change Shape change promotes reactionpromotes reaction33Product released;Product released;enzyme ready againenzyme ready again33Product released;Product released;enzyme ready againenzyme ready againEnergyEnergycontentcontentofofmoleculesmoleculeshighhighlowlowProgress of reactionProgress of reactionActivationActivationenergy withoutenergy withoutcatalystcatalystActivationActivationenergy withenergy withcatalystcatalystActivation Energy: Controls Rate of ReactionActivation Energy: Controls Rate of ReactionProperties of EnzymesProperties of Enzymes•Three dimensional structure of an enzyme Three dimensional structure of an enzyme preserves its ACTIVE SITEpreserves its ACTIVE SITE active site: region on enzyme where active site: region on enzyme where reactants bind reactants bind •Conditions that can affect three dimensional Conditions that can affect three dimensional structure include: heat, pH (acid/base balance) structure include: heat, pH (acid/base balance) and other chemicals (salt, charged ions) and other chemicals (salt, charged ions)Effects of Temperature and pH on Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzymatic ActivityEnzymatic Activityfewer collisions fewer collisions between enzyme between enzyme and substrateand substrateenzyme unfoldsenzyme unfoldsenzyme unfoldsenzyme unfoldsApplying Your KnowledgeApplying Your KnowledgeA.A.A


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