Correlations between Measures of Predictor and Criterion VariablesAssignment: January 25, 2012 (Class 2)Chapters:- Heppner et al. Chap. 1 Science and Counseling- Heppner et al. Chap. 3 Identifying and Operationalizing Research Topics - Heppner et al. Chap. 4 Choosing Research Designs- Pyrczak & Bruce Chapters 1 and 2A. Chapter 11. What are the definitions of ontology, epistemology and methodology as they apply to the philosophy of science? (Search for definitions of these words above what the text provides).2. Counseling Psychology operates from a scientist-practitioner model. The philosophical underpinnings of the concepts of - ontology, epistemology and methodology can be applied to the process of therapy, that is, the work of the therapist and the client.Identify specific questions/issues related to therapy process and the psychologist/client relationshipthat pertain to each one of the three domains: (a) ontology, (b) epistemology and (c) methodology. 3. Describe in a few sentences the most salient characteristics of the four paradigms of science discussed in chapter 1: Positivism, Post positivism, Constructivism, and Critical Theory. In each description highlight what is unique to each paradigm compared to the others.B. Chapter 31. According to Kerlinger and Lee (2000), what are the components of a testable research question? 2. Start thinking about the following issues regarding your research area of interest. As the class progresses you should be able to provide answers for these issues with more specificity. a. Describe your research interests in general, broad terms.b. Identify a potential “relation” research question in your area of interest c. Identify the variables/constructs embedded in the question.d. Provide conceptual definitions for these variables.e. Provide operational definitions for these variables C. Answer these questions in relation to the Wampold and Bahti (2006) article:1. In which year did the EST movement start in psychology in the US? What was its purpose?2. What is meant by the term “specificity” in the study of the effectiveness of psychological treatments?3. According to the FDA rules, research conducted to approve new drugs need to use “randomized, double-blind placebo control groups designs”. Describe the characteristics of such designs and the main reason for their use.14. Wampold and Bhati argue that psychotherapy research has not provided support for the hypothesis that specific ingredients in psychotherapy interventions are responsible for the treatment outcomes observed. Briefly summarize the research findings that they cite to support their argument.5. Wampold & Bhati conduct some critical analyses of the history of the application of the randomizedcontrolled clinical trials to education, agriculture, and medicine. How do they explain the lack of importance given to the role of the teacher as the provider of the “treatment” to the effect of educational interventions? What are some of the problematic differences in applying this research model to the study of psychotherapy as compared to its application in agriculture and the study of medications?6. According to the criteria described in the Appendix Wampold and Bahti’s (2006) article, a. How would you categorize a family intervention for anorexia that has shown to be superior to a cognitive behavioral intervention in two randomized clinical studies conducted by the authors that developed the family intervention? 2Assignment February 1, 2012 (Class 3)- Heppner et al. Chapter 7 - Between Group Designs pp. 146-163 (up to Dependent Samples Designs)- Heppner et al. Chapter 10 - Expo Facto Designs (pp. 243-244)- Heppner et al. Chapter 12 – Independent Variable - Pyrczak & Bruce Chapters 3 and 4 A. Heppner et al Chapters1. Describe the salient characteristics of the between group design applied to therapy outcome research.2. What are the similarities and differences of the Between Group and the Within Group experimentaldesigns?3. List the advantages of using a pre-post-test design compared to a post-test only design in a study that examines the efficacy of cognitive behavioral versus interpersonal psychotherapy to treat depression among college students.4. Provide a definition of control group and identify types of control groups researchers may use in therapy outcome studies. 5. A study examined the effectiveness of two treatments (culturally infused treatment vs. treatment as usual) to enhance the parenting skills of 80 Latino mothers of a 12-14 age child delivered by eitherLatino therapists (half of the sample) or White therapists (to the other half). Parenting skills were assessed before and after the treatment using scores in a rating scale of the mothers’ parenting skillsobtained by trained observers during a mother-child task. - In the study described above, identify: (a) the research designs that apply to the study; (b) the independent and dependent variable(s) and indicate if they are categorical or continuous.- In this study there are potentially three questions that may be addressed using the variables included in the description. Identify these three questions and diagram the levels of the independent variables into cells (see pages 159-160).6. Once researchers collected the data, they realized that about half of the mothers were born in a Latin American country and the other half in the US. They had purposefully selected mothers of 40adolescent girls and 40 adolescent boys. They decided to use the data gathered at the pre-test to examine to what extent Latina mothers differed in parenting skills based on: (a) place of birth (in USA vs. not in USA) and (c) child’s gender. - In the study described above, identify: (a) the research designs that apply to the study; (b) the independent and dependent variable(s) and indicate if they are categorical or continuous.- In the study described in the vignette (number6) there are potentially three questions that may be addressed using the variables included in the description. Identify these three questions and 3diagram the levels of the independent variables into cells (see pages 159-160). Identify the typeof research question posed in the vignette (experimental, descriptive or correlational)7. Describe the major differences between the two studies described above regarding: (a) nature of theindependent and dependent variables; (b) design, (c) assignment