BIO-MOLECULESBIO-MOLECULESA few examples of organic molecules involved in biology and nutrition are listed belownutrition are listed below.carbohydratesylipidsamino acidsproteinsvitaminsWe’ll be looking at these individuallyWe ll be looking at these individually in the remainder of this tutorial.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates include molecules such as sugars and starches. But they also gyinclude nondigestible carbohydratescalled fibers(Fibers will be discussed incalled fibers. (Fibers will be discussed in more detail in another tutorial.)In general, sugars are the simplest of b h d t hil t h d fibcarbohydrates, while starches and fibers are more complex in structure.In fact, starches and fibers tend to be made p of a b nch of s gars linkedmade up of a bunch of sugars linked together. The most common sugar is glucose. Below is a cartoon illustration of a glucose molecule and a starch molecule.gGlucoseStarchNote: a similar explanation and illustrations are given in yourbook in chapter 4.Here again is another illustration of a starch molecule Recall that the lines representmolecule. Recall that the lines represent covalent bonds (a couple are pointed to below) A large molecule made up ofbelow). A large molecule made up of smaller units joined together (like this starch molecule is called a polymer.Covalent bondCovalentbondbondMolecular Model KitMolecular Model KitGlucoseGlucose & FructoseGlucose & FructoseMaltoseMaltoseLipidsA ti d i l li id dAs mentioned previously, lipids do not dissolve in water. Substancesnot dissolve in water. Substances that don’t dissolve in water are ll dhd hbi(“called hydrophobic(“water fearing”)fearing )Examples of lipids are triglycerides cholesteroltriglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids.A cartoon illustration of a lipid, in this case a triglyceride is shown below Atriglyceridetriglyceride, is shown below. A triglycerideis composed of a glycerol molecule covalently bonded tothreefatty acidcovalently bonded to threefatty acidmolecules.GLYCEROLGLYCEROLStearic AcidOleic AcidOleic AcidLinoleic AcidGlycerolTriglycerideTriglycerideTriglycerideTriglycerideGLYCEROLGLYCEROLOLLYCEROGLPhospholipidSucroseSucroseOlestraOlestraProteinsProteinsare large molecules composed ofProteinsare large molecules composed of amino acids linked together in a long chain (Therefore proteins are alsochain. (Therefore, proteins are also examples of polymers.)Both a single amino acid and a protein are illustrated in the next slide. The amino acids are illustrated by colored spheres.ypAlfiAn example of a protein,In this case, composed of 25 amino acids.A singleamino acidVitaminsVitaminsVitamins are also organic molecules. They also happen to be essential nutrientswhich meansessential nutrients, which means we must get them from our diet –our bodies don’t make