UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIALos AngelesAnalysis and Synthesis of Pathological VowelsA dissertation submitted in partial satisfactionDoctor of Philosophy in Electrical EngineeringBrian Charles GabelmanBrian Charles GabelmanThe dissertation of Brian Charles Gabelman is approved.Rajeev JainKung YaoDavid RennelsAbeer Alwan, Committee ChairDEDICATIONTo Anna, Lesley, and RaphaelTABLE OF CONTENTSVariation ............................................................................... 132Variation ................................................................................ 133LIST OF FIGURESFig. 3.5. .......................................................................................................... 99Fig. 3.9. ........................................................................................................ 102NSR of voices with tremor removed. ........................................................... 152ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI wish to acknowledge the following for assistance in generation of this project:VITA1971 B.S., PhysicsRockwell International and TRW1982 M.S., Electrical EngineeringPUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONSABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATIONAnalysis and Synthesis of Pathological VowelsUniversity of California, Los Angelses, 2003UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIALos AngelesAnalysis and Synthesis of Pathological VowelsA dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degreeDoctor of Philosophy in Electrical EngineeringbyBrian Charles Gabelman 2003 Copyright byBrian Charles Gabelman2003The dissertation of Brian Charles Gabelman is approved. _________________________________ Rajeev Jain _________________________________ Kung Yao _________________________________ David Rennels _________________________________ Abeer Alwan, Committee ChairUniversity of California, Los Angeles2003iiDEDICATIONTo Anna, Lesley, and RaphaeliiiTABLE OF CONTENTS1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11.1 Motivation ................................................................................................ 31.2 Background and Related Work ................................................................ 51.3 Dissertation Outline................................................................................. 112. Analysis of Pathological Voices .......................................................................... 142.1 Formant Analysis: LP Analysis and Inverse Filtering ............................ 162.1.1 Basic LP/Inverse Filtering ........................................................ 172.1.2 Idealized LP: Impulsive Sources .............................................. 192.1.3 Non-impulsive Source Functions ........................................... 202.1.4 Apriori Strategies ..................................................................... 222.2 Fitting of Inverse Filtered Source ........................................................... 242.2.1 Simple Models ......................................................................... 242.2.2 LF Model Characteristics ........................................................ 252.2.3 Modified LF Model Calculation .............................................. 272.3 Analysis of Fundamental Frequency Variations ..................................... 282.3.1 Fundamental Frequency Analysis Approach ........................... 292.3.2 High Resolution Fundamental Frequency Tracking ................ 302.3.3 Analysis into HFPV and Tremor ............................................. 31iv2.3.4 Gaussian Modeling of HFPV .................................................. 322.3.5 FM Demodulation ................................................................... 322.4 Analysis of Fundamental Frequency Pulse Power Variation ................. 342.4.1 Power Analysis Approach ....................................................... 342.4.2 Power Tracking ....................................................................... 352.4.3 Power Time Series Analysis .................................................... 372.4.4 Gaussian Modeling of Shimmer .............................................. 382.4.5 AM Demodulation ................................................................... 382.5 Analysis of Source Aspiration Noise ...................................................... 392.5.1 Noise Measurement Approach ................................................ 402.5.2 Cepstral NSR Calculation ........................................................ 412.5.3 Source Noise Spectrum ........................................................... 432.5.4 Effect of FM on NSR Measurement ........................................ 432.5.5 Effect of AM on NSR Measurement ....................................... 452.5.6 NSR Measurement Results ...................................................... 452.6 Summary ................................................................................................. 473. External Source Identification of the Vocal Tract .......................................... 803.1 Overview of External Stimulation ......................................................... 823.2 Validation with a Simple Tube Model ................................................... 853.3 Validation with a Vocal Tract ................................................................ 863.4 Improvement for Pathological Source ................................................... 89v3.5 Summary ................................................................................................. 914. Speech Synthesizers .......................................................................................... 1064.1 Hardware Real-time Synthesizer .......................................................... 1074.1.1 Real-time and Control Concepts ........................................... 1084.1.2 Functional Overview ............................................................ 1094.1.3 Hardware Implementation