Development of Continental DriftPlate TectonicsThe Permian Ice Age ProblemFrank TaylorConfirmation of Continental DriftThe Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale-Do Compass and Magnet ExperimentDiscovery of Sea-Floor SpreadingSea-Floor SpreadingWhere Does Ocean Crust Go?Benioff’s InterpretationBenioff’s Interpretation UpdatedWorldwide Standardized Seismic NetworkThe Plate Tectonics ModelSlide 14The Earth’s PlatesGlobal Plate MotionsWhat Drives It: ConvectionHow Plates MoveReconstructing Plate MovementsFit of Continents Across the AtlanticPresent Day AtlanticAtlantic 65 m.y. agoGeology of Plate MarginsOphiolites: Oceanic CrustPlate BoundariesAnatomy of a Mid-Ocean RidgeA Subduction ZoneWhy Mountains are HighWhere the Plates MeetTerrane AccretionTerranes in Western North AmericaPlate Boundaries and EarthquakesHot SpotsHot Spots: HawaiiPacific Hot Spot TracksDevelopment of Continental Drift•Frank Taylor (1910) •Alfred Wegener (1912) Die Entstehung Der Kontinente Und OzeanePlate Tectonics•Continental Drift•Evidence of Plate Tectonics•Earth’s Structure•Plate Boundaries•Hot SpotsThe Permian Ice Age ProblemFrank Taylor•Recognized role of Mid-Atlantic Ridge•Never reconstructed the continents like Wegener didConfirmation of Continental Drift•World War II technology• International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58 •Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network 1963-The Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale-Do Compass and Magnet ExperimentDiscovery of Sea-Floor SpreadingSea-Floor SpreadingWhere Does Ocean Crust Go? Hugo Benioff, 1954Benioff’s InterpretationBenioff’s Interpretation UpdatedWorldwide Standardized Seismic NetworkThe Plate Tectonics ModelThe Plate Tectonics ModelThe Earth’s PlatesGlobal Plate MotionsWhat Drives It: ConvectionHow Plates MoveReconstructing Plate MovementsFit of Continents Across the AtlanticPresent Day AtlanticAtlantic 65 m.y. agoGeology of Plate MarginsOphiolites: Oceanic CrustPlate Boundaries•Divergent–Can create volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains–Examples: Mid-Atlantic ridge, East Pacific Rise•Convergent–Can create volcanoes (continental and island arc), earthquakes, and mountains–Examples: Juan De Fuca Plate and North America Plate•Transform–Can create strong shallow earthquakes and folded mountains–Examples: San Andreas FaultAnatomy of a Mid-Ocean RidgeA Subduction ZoneWhy Mountains are HighWhere the Plates MeetTerrane AccretionTerranes in Western North AmericaPlate Boundaries and EarthquakesHot SpotsHot Spots: HawaiiPacific Hot Spot