BIOL 1050 Lecture 14 Outline of Last LectureI. Cell divisionII. Eukaryotic cell cycle III. Eukaryotic cell cycle controlIV. Cell cycle problemsOutline of Current LectureI. Abnormal cell divisionII. Tumor typesIII. Cancer cellsIV. Categories of cancerV. Cause of cancer VI. Cancer treatments Current LectureI. Abnormal cell divisiona. Occurs when proteins do not work properly, and creates tumorsb. Apoptosis: when some sort of cell damage is present but the cell continues through the cell cycle and creates a tumorII. Tumor typesa. Benign tumori. Abnormal mass of cells that stay in one placeb. Malignant tumori. Lumps of cancerous cells that divide excessively and spreadIII. Cancer cellsa. Divide indefinitely, because they have turned on the telomerase gene and it has no limit on the number of times it can divide unlike a normal cell (which only divides about 50 times)b. 6 major hallmarks of cancer i. Sustaining proliferative signaling- have cells that tell them when to divideii. Evading growth suppressor- so that they can grow indefinitelyiii. Activating invasion and metastasis- can invade cellsiv. Enabling replicative immortality- activated telomerase genev. Inducing angiogenesis- bring bloodvi. Resisting cell deathThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Metastasisi. Spread of cancer cells. ii. Cells can separate from a tumor and spread throughout the body via the circulatory systemiii. When a tumor metastasizes, cancer spreads, treatment becomes difficult and the prognosis worsensiv. Cancer cells lose contact inhibition, which allows them to spread all overv. Cancer cells prevent the body from functioning properly, tumor cells take over and eventually organs cease function, resulting in deathvi. Additional mutations must occur, not just one for tumors to spread and become deadlyIV. Categories of Cancera. Carcinomas- solid tumor, skin cancerb. Sarcomas- solid tumorc. Leukemias& lymphomas- liquid tumor (blood)i. Easier to treat, find something to target and eliminateV. Cause of cancera. Cancer is caused by mutationsi. Mutation is any change in the order of bases on a strand of DNAii. Carcinogens1. Cigarette smoke2. Radiation3. UV light4. Asbestos5. Some virusesb. Mutations in two types of genes produce canceri. Oncogenes1. Gene involved in promoting cancer, normal cellular gene that has gone wrong2. Gain of function mutation 3. Many viruses carry oncogenes4. Mutated proteins can lead to overstimulation of cell division of cell division by overriding checkpoint control ii. Tumor-suppressor genes1. Loss of these cause cancer, guardian protein that when lost also loses protection, cells are able to progress through the cell cycle unregulated c. Can we inherit cancer?i. Most mutations are not inheritedii. In rare cases, mutations in genes can be passed on and make a person more likely to get cancer (germ line mutations)iii. Cancer doesn’t appear unless the person gets additional mutationsiv. People are getting screened for mutations to see what their chancer are of developing certain types of cancers and diseasesd. Biopsyi. Surgical removal of cells or material to determine if they are cancerousVI. Cancer treatmentsa. Surgeryi. First stepb. Radiation therapyi. To disrupt cell divisionii. Targeted specifically at tumoriii. Kills cells that are rapidly dividing (some cells that divide most rapidly are hair and blood cells, this is why most people lose their hair with cancer treatment)iv. Secondary tumors can occurc. Chemotherapyi. Uses multiple drugs to disrupt cell divisionii. Take a pill, affects your entire systemiii. Kills cells that are rapidly dividingiv. Secondary tumors can
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