1Ontologies & CycOntologies & CycGene Rohrbaugh, PhDGene Rohrbaugh, PhDwww.tigerram.comwww.tigerram.comMessiah CollegeMessiah CollegeSeptember 25, 2006September 25, 2006MonopolyMonopolyImagine you were designing software to play this Imagine you were designing software to play this classic real estate game. Describe the structured classic real estate game. Describe the structured data you would need to represent, including the data you would need to represent, including the following:following:Individuals (e.g., Thimble, Boardwalk, Individuals (e.g., Thimble, Boardwalk, ……))Classes (e.g., Property, Player, Classes (e.g., Property, Player, ……))Attributes (e.g., incarcerated, mortgaged, Attributes (e.g., incarcerated, mortgaged, ……))Relations (e.g., Relations (e.g., locationlocation, owns, , owns, ……))DefinitionsDefinitionsOntology: usage in philosophy & CSOntology: usage in philosophy & CSDomain ontology & upper ontologyDomain ontology & upper ontologyTaxonomyTaxonomyApplicationApplicationFor what kinds of problems is an ontology useful?For what kinds of problems is an ontology useful?Data cleaning & integrationData cleaning & integrationNatural Language ProcessingNatural Language ProcessingSearch & data miningSearch & data miningGamingGamingVirtual / augmented realityVirtual / augmented realityDefense, intelligence, securityDefense, intelligence, securityThe Cyc Project & CycorpThe Cyc Project & CycorpHistoryHistoryGoalsGoalsApproachApproach"Once you have a truly massive amount of information integrated as knowledge, then the human-software system will be superhuman, in the same sense that mankind with writing is superhuman compared to mankind before writing." What is the Cyc Upper Ontology?What is the Cyc Upper Ontology?CycL: KR languageCycL: KR languageThe Cyc Knowledge Base (KB)The Cyc Knowledge Base (KB)Specialized Inference EngineSpecialized Inference EngineAgentIntelligentAgentIndividualAgentLegalAgentOrganizationSocialBeingPerceptualAgentPerson2Applications: Data CleaningApplications: Data CleaningName Gender Address Spouse Hire Date Bill Smith M 884 Freemont Mary Smith 10/10/1992 Mary Smith M 884 Freemont Bill Smith 7/4/2001 Name Gender Address Spouse Hire Date Bill Smith M 884 Freemont Mary Smith 10/10/1992 Mary Smith F 884 Freemont Bob Johnson 7/4/2001 Name Gender Address Spouse Hire Date Bill Smith M 884 Freemont Mary Smith 10/10/1992 Mary Smith F 932 Brook Drive Bill Smith 7/4/2001 Name Gender Address Spouse Hire Date Ed Jones M 917 Oak St Pat Jones 6/17/1895 Dana Court F Fred Court 872 Smith 1/13/2005 Applications: NLPApplications: NLPFred saw the plane flying over Zurich.Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.Fred saw the mountains flying over Zurich.Fred saw the mountains flying over Zurich.The police arrested the demonstratorsThe police arrested the demonstrators……because they feared violence.because they feared violence.because they advocated violence.because they advocated violence.Maggie saw a puppy in the pet shop windowMaggie saw a puppy in the pet shop window……and she wanted to buy it.and she wanted to buy it.and she pressed her nose up against it.and she pressed her nose up against it.Applications: Search & Data MiningApplications: Search & Data MiningWhat planet has the smallest surface area?What planet has the smallest surface area?How many planets are in our solar system?How many planets are in our solar system?When did Tony Blair get married?When did Tony Blair get married?When did Napoleon die?When did Napoleon die?What is the presidentWhat is the president’’s middle name?s middle name?In what countries is Spanish currently spoken?In what countries is Spanish currently spoken?Is George Bush currently sitting or standing?Is George Bush currently sitting or standing?Which US governors speak a nonWhich US governors speak a non--IndoIndo--European language?European language?People in PicturesPeople in PicturesSlide 2: Mr. MonopolySlide 2: Mr. MonopolySlide 3: Descartes, Turing, LinnaeusSlide 3: Descartes, Turing, LinnaeusSlide 6: Lenat, EinsteinSlide 6: Lenat, EinsteinSlide 8: (Demonstrators 1Slide 8: (Demonstrators 1--7)7)Slide 9: Napoleon, (Teddy Bear)Slide 9: Napoleon, (Teddy Bear)What were your ontological commitments? What were your ontological commitments? How can ontology play a role in developing hybrid How can ontology play a role in developing hybrid symbolic / stochastic AI systems?symbolic / stochastic AI