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The WorkforceTennessee’sBUSINESSBUSINESSVol. 16 No. 2 2007he National Academy of Sciences (NAS) recently assessedAmerica’s ability to compete and prosper in the 21st century.In its report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, the NASidentified key actions needed to ensure that the U.S. “continues toenjoy the jobs, security, and high standard of living that this andprevious generations worked so hard to create.”The NAS noted that although the U.S. faces a big disadvan-tage—the cost of labor—in being economically competitive, scienceand technology can overcome this. If we create scientists and engi-neers, they can in turn create entirely new industries. America is notas competitive and dominant in science and technology as it oncewas. Although still the leader, we cannot remain so without renewingour effort to boost the foundations of our competitiveness: scienceand technology, in which we must accelerate progress or risk poorerprospects for future generations to enjoy the same prosperity, secu-rity, and good health Americans now take so much for granted.The NAS report listed a number of worrisome indicators:I The U.S. has become a net importer of high-tech products (weimport more high-tech manufactured goods than we export).I U.S. 12th graders recently performed below the internationalaverage for 21 countries in math and science.I Low-wage employers (e.g., Wal-Mart and McDonald’s) arecreating more new jobs than high-wage employers.I Considerably more than half of undergraduates in China andJapan earn degrees in science and engineering compared toone-third in the U.S.I In 2004, China graduated 500,000 engineers, India 200,000,and America 70,000.The NAS identified creating high-quality jobs and responding tothe need for clean, affordable, reliable energy as challenges toimproving our scientific and engineering education. Resulting NASrecommendations focus on (1) actions in K–12 education, (2)research, (3) higher education, and (4) economic policy, specifically:I Increase America’s talent pool by vastly improving K–12 sci-ence and math education. We should (a) annually recruit10,000 science and math teachers by providing scholarships;(b) strengthen the skills of 250,000 existing teachers throughtraining and education programs; (c) increase the number ofstudents who take Advanced Placement and International Bac-calaureate science and math courses.I Sustain and strengthen the nation’s commitment to potentiallytransformational long-term basic research to maintain the flowof new ideas that fuel the economy, provide security, andenhance the quality of life. We should implement actions toincrease federal investment in long-term basic research.I the creation of high-paying jobs by modernizing the patent sys-tem, realigning tax policies to encourage innovation, andensuring affordable broadband access. Stronger research anddevelopment tax credits will encourage private investment ininnovation, and broadband Internet access for home, school,and business must be ensured.—Horace Johns, editorVol. 16 No. 2 2007Published by the Business and Economic Research Center (BERC)Jennings A. Jones College of BusinessMiddle Tennessee State UniversityBox 102Murfreesboro, TN 37132(615) [email protected] A. McPheePresidentMiddle Tennessee State UniversityE. James BurtonDean Jennings A. Jones College of BusinessDavid A. PennBERC Director Horace E. JohnsExecutive EditorSally Ham GovanCreative DirectorWeb siteView our latest issue online: www.mtsu.edu/~bercTennesseeʼs Businessprovides an exchange ofideas in the fields of economics and businessamong businesspersons, academicians, andgovernment officials. The opinions expressed inthe articles are not necessarily those of the Busi-ness and Economic Research Center, the Jen-nings A. Jones College of Business, or MiddleTennessee State University, but are the respon-sibility of the individual authors. The materialmay be reproduced with acknowledgement ofthe source. Middle Tennessee State University,a Tennessee Board of Regents university, is anequal opportunity, nonracially identifiable, edu-cational institution that does not discriminateagainst individuals with disabilities. Sendaddress changes to Tennesseeʼs Business,Business and Economic Research Center, P.O.Box 102, Middle Tennessee State University,Murfreesboro, TN 37132, (615) 898-2610, [email protected]. AA152-1206Recipient of the 1991, 1996, 2000, and 2004AUBER Award of Excellence in PublicationsTennessee’sBUSINESSTEDITOR’S NOTECover Photo: StockDiscWorkforce Dynamics in TennesseeMurat Arik, Harika Erdemir, and John SeatonSoutheastern Manpower Tripartite Alliance:Construction Craft LaborBarbara HaskewSmoking and Obesity: Are There Wage Penalties?Charles L. Baum II, William F. Ford, and Jeffrey D. HopperMiddle Tennessee Workforce Investment BoardE. James Burton and Christine BradleyTennessee Can Make the Difference: Equal Pay for WomenKim McMillanTennesseeʼs Changing Labor ForceJames G. NeeleyStrengthening Tennesseeʼs WorkforceSusan CowdenThe History and Evolution of Benefits: Enigma, Middle GroundRichard Hannah2571016242833CONTENTSStockDiscWage disparities still exist in Tennessee between men andwomen in the same occupations, and these disparities directlyaffect not only women in this state but also every man who ismarried to a working woman.2TENNESSEE CAN MAKEArtvillen 1776, Abigail Adams asked her husbandJohn to “remember the ladies” when formu-lating America’s system of government.Although he may have listened to his wifewith regard to some aspects of our system ofgovernment, it is clear that for voting purposesthe ladies wouldn’t be remembered for almostanother 150 years. The 19th Amendment to theConstitution, granting women the right of suf-frage, was ratified in 1920 after winningapproval by one vote. Which state provided thenecessary vote? Tennessee, the Volunteer State,made the difference.Gaining enough votes in Tennessee for rat-ification was not easy and has become the stuffof legend. After the measure passed the stateSenate, it faced significant odds in the House ofRepresentatives. Harry T. Burn, the youngestmember of the House at 24, had been in theanti-suffrage crowd for some time when thevote first came up tied at 48. However, the rep-resentative from Niota, a small town in EastTennessee, changed his vote after receiving anote from his mother cautioning Harry to “be agood boy and vote for suffrage.”Following the telegram from Febb Ens-minger


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