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SYNTAX

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SYNTAXBASIC SENTENCES:BASIC TRANSFORMATIONSWho’s on First?John gave Mary a mink coat.SPECIAL PROBLEMSEMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 1EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 2EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 3EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 4Slide 11PARTS OF SPEECHFUNCTIONSTENDENCIES OF LEXICAL VS. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIESDO SUPPORTSlide 16Slide 17SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITYSlide 19TOPICALIZATION AND FOCUSING TRANSFORMATIONSSlide 21Slide 22Slide 23RECURSION: THE INFINITY OF LANGUAGESlide 25NONSENSE IS NOT NONSENSESlide 27Slide 28Slide 29SEMANTIC VS. SYNTACTIC PARSINGSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33!TOM SWIFTIESSlide 35!!!The Whitest Kids Grammar LessonSlide 37Slide 3834 1SYNTAX by Don L. F. Nilsenand Alleen Pace Nilsen34 2BASIC SENTENCES:John swims well (Subject, Predicate, Adverb)John saw Mary (Subject, Predicate, Direct Object)Bush became President (Subject, Predicate, Subject-Complement)John gave Mary a mink coat (Subject, Predicate, Indirect Object, Direct Object)The country elected Bush President (Subject, Predicate, Direct Object, Object Complement)(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 173-174)34 3BASIC TRANSFORMATIONSJohn gave Mary a mink coat.Question: Did John give Mary a mink coat?Negative: John didn’t give Mary a mink coat.Negative Question: Didn’t John give Mary a mink coat?Information Question: Who gave Mary a mink coat?Tag Question: John gave Mary a mink coat, didn’t he?(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 155-164)34 4Who’s on First?34 5John gave Mary a mink coat.Passive: Mary was given a mink coat by John. A mink coat was given to Mary by John.Imperative: Give Mary a mink coat!Negative Imperative: Don’t give Mary a mink coat!Contrastive Stress: John gave Mary a mink coat.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 155-164)34 6SPECIAL PROBLEMSWhiz Deletion: I met the girl (who was) doing the dishes.Extraposition: For John to be nice is very difficult  It is very difficult for John to be nice.Expletive: Thirty-seven students are in the room  There are thirty-seven students in the room.34 7EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 1Relative Clause as Substantive: He didn’t know who had the bicycle.Relative Clause as Modifier: Bill is the boy who has the bicycle.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 133)34 8EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 2Present-Participle as Substantive: The young girl’s watching the children surprised everybody.Present-Participle as Modifier: I met the girl (who was) watching the children.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 133)34 9EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 3Infinitive as Substantive: For John to be nice is very hard.Infinitive as Modifier: John came (in order) to be nice.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 133)34 10EMBEDDING TRANSFORMATIONS 4That-Clause as Substantive: That John didn’t get angry was a miracle.That-Clause as Modifier: I was surprised that John didn’t get angry.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 133)34 11PRONOMINALIZATION AND DELETION:Possible only when information is recoverable from linguistic context (antecedant) or social context: John wanted Bill to buy the drinks.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 208-209)34 12PARTS OF SPEECH Lexical Categories:Noun, Verb, Adjective, AdverbGrammatical CategoriesPreposition, Conjunction, Auxiliary, ExpletivePro-FormRelative Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun, Personal Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 128-129)34 13FUNCTIONSA Noun can function as a Subject, Subject-Complement, Direct-Object, Indirect-Object, Object-ComplementA Verb can function as a PredicateA Verbal can function as a ModifierAn Adjective and an Adverb can function as a Modifier34 14TENDENCIES OF LEXICAL VS. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIESCan refer to things in the real worldCan be stressedCannot be guessed in a Cloze TestCan be inflectedCan enter into compounds(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 128-129)34 15DO SUPPORTLook at the following English sentences:John is doing his homework.a. Is John doing his homework?b. John isn’t doing his homework.c. John is doing his homework.Notice that in each case something is happening to the auxiliary verb. In a, which is a question, the subject and auxiliary are inverted. In b, which is a negative, “n’t” is attached to the auxiliary. And in c, which is stressed, the auxiliary is emphasized.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 162-163)34 16English has two regular auxiliary verbs:“have” (coming from perfect and passive constructions)“be” (coming from progressive constructions)When an English sentences has no auxiliary verb, we need to provide one to form questions, negatives, or stressed auxiliary.“Do” serves this function.(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 145-148)34 17From the sentence “Michael read the book.” we get:“Did Michael read the book.”“Michael didn’t read the book.”“Michael did read the book.”(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 162-163)34 18SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITYSmoking grass can be nauseating.Dick finally decided on the boat.The professor’s appointment was shocking.The design has big squares and circles.(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 149-151)34 19That sheepdog is too hairy to eat.Could this be the invisible man’s hair tonic?The governor is a dirty street fighter.I cannot recommend him too highly.Terry loves his wife and so do I.They said she would go yesterday.No smoking section available(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 149-151)34 20TOPICALIZATION AND FOCUSING TRANSFORMATIONSSentences consist of Subjects and Predicates.The Subject is what we are talking about, and the Predicate is what we say about it.Therefore the Subject contains old information (so speakers will have something to talk about), and the Predicate contains new information (so speakers will be able to say something new).(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 167-168)34 21Any transformation that moves a constituent up into the Subject or Topic position is called a “Topicalization Transformation.” Any transformation that moves a constituent down into the Predicate position is called a “Focusing Transformation.”(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams [2011] 167-168)34 22The Passive Transformation is both a Topicalization Transformation and a Focusing Transformation.“John saw the girl”  “The girl was seen by John“The girl” has undergone a Topicalization Transformation, and “John” has undergone a Focusing Transformation.Note that this has not affected the truth value. “John saw the girl” is true if and only if “The girl was seen by John.”34 23Notice that in a normal sentence the strongest stress is on the last word. This is because this is part of the


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