1Computer Architecture | CPTR 308Preliminaries• Me: Raheel Ahmad• Ph.D., Southern Illinois University• M.S., University of Southern Mississippi• B.S., Zakir Hussain College, India• Contact: Science 116, [email protected], 982-5314• Tues: 9:00 - 12:00 am; Thu: 10:00 - 12:00 am•Email me with subject starting with CPTR308• http://users.manchester.edu/Facstaff/RAhmad/classes/308/index.htm• Also, Angel’s course webpage has a link to abovePreliminaries• Course schedule• Science 142, MWF: 11:00 - 11:50 am• Computer Architecture• Crucial• Insightful• Challenging• Discuss problems early, often• Assignments, quizes, tests• Keep up to date with the deadlines and due dates4Introduction•This course is all about how computers work•But what do we mean by a computer?–Different types: desktops, servers, embedded devices–Different uses: automobiles, graphics, finance, genomics…–Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Sun…–Different underlying technologies and different costs!•Analogy: Consider a course on “automotive vehicles”–Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., wheels)–Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., gas vs. electric)•Best way to learn:–Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works–While learning general principles and historical perspectivesNumber of different types of processors soldSale of microprocessors by architectureObjectives• Study• how do Java/C++ programs execute?• the interface between s/w & h/w• what determines program performance & how to improve it• techniques for improving hardware performance8What is a computer?•Components:–input (mouse, keyboard)–output (display, printer)–memory (disk drives, DRAM, SRAM, CD)–processor•Our primary focus: the processor (datapath and control)–implemented using millions of transistors–Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor–We need...! ! !9Abstraction•Delving into the depths reveals more information•An abstraction omits unneeded detail, helps us cope with complexityWhat are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions?10How do computers work?• Need to understand abstractions such as:• Applications software• Systems software• Assembly Language• Machine Language• Architectural Issues: i.e., Caches, Virtual Memory, Pipelining• Sequential logic, finite state machines• Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits• Boolean logic, 1s and 0s• Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)• Semiconductors/Silicon used to build transistors• Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics• So much to