Lectures 5-6 (February 4th & 6th)PSY 163 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 21st)-3 components of defining abnormality:1) Psychological dysfunction within an individual-Breakdown in cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning-Within an individual implies that dysfunction is internal to the individual and is present even outside the context-Dysfunction typically falls along a continuum2) Associated with distress or impairment in functioning-To individual or others-Appropriateness of the situation-Degree of impairment-How many domains of life does the behavior impact (i.e. social, occupational, etc.)-Must be considered within a developmental context-i.e. Peeing pants at age 5 vs. peeing pants at age 153) Response that is atypical or not culturally expected-Deviating from the average relative to what the average is-Context matters-Violating social norms or subcultural norms-Important to acknowledge that we view things with the lens or our own culture-Societal norms can change and some societal norms reflect bigotry and prejudiceClinical Description terms:-Presenting problem: behaviors, emotional experiences that prompt someone to seek treatment-Clinical description: unique combination of behaviors or feelings that make up a specific disorder-Prevalence vs. Incidence: -Prevalence: number of cases (new or previously existing) observed during a specified period of time; typically at some point in lifetime. Incidence: rate at which new cases appear over a specified period of time; typically 1 year-Course: pattern of disorder progression-Episodic comes and remits; chronic maintains levels with treatment overtime; time-limited only develops for certain amount of time and remit on their own-Onset: when initial symptoms first present or surface-Acute suddenly develops over a short period of time; insidious develops gradually-Prognosis: prediction of future outcome-Good prognosis indicates recovery is likely; guarded prognosis indicates recovery is less likelyHistorical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior:1) Supernatural Tradition-Abnormal behavior reflected an internal struggle of “good vs. evil”-All physical and mental disorders were the work of the devil-Treatments included exorcism, torture, crude surgery, ointments, potions, and possessiontreatments-Mental illnesses were seen as curable-The ill were contained within their own community2) Biological Tradition-Hippocrates (father of modern western medicine) psychological disorders were brain-based-Galen’s humoral theory: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm were imbalanced causing the mental disorder; treatments involved environmental regulation-Treatments: insulin shock therapy, ECT, psychotropic medications, neuroleptics-Discovery of syphilis and general paresis led to the belief that biological treatments and causes may be identified and developed for all mental disorders-However the consequences of the biological treatment (increased hospitalization) led to final belief that mental illness is an untreatable condition-Although the biological tradition did lead to improved diagnosis and classification (notably Emil Kraeplin) and increased the role of science in psychopathology3) Psychological Traditions-Origins with Greek philosophers Plato, Aristotle, and Greece -Etiology of psychological problems was due to social and environmental factors-Treatments: reeducation and therapeutic environments-Moral therapy: treating patients normally, encouraging social interaction, focus on relationships, individual attentions, and education -Rush founder of psychiatry in US-Mann 1st actual study with data on moral therapy-Decline of moral therapy in mid 19th century was due to an increased number of patients (immigrants)-Dorothea Dix advocated for more humane treatments of patients, however there were more patients that doctors could treat so the focus from moral therapy was shifted to custodial carePsychoanalysis:Freud’s discovery of the unconscious mind and its influence on psychological disorders (particularly after working with patient Anna O)-Psychoanalytic theory:-Id: illogical, emotional, irrational thinking driven by pleasure principle-Ego: logical, rational thinking driven by the reality principle-Superego: conscience thinking driven by moral principles-Intrapsychic conflicts are all within the mind-Strategies used to cope with intrapsychic conflicts= denial, displacement, and sublimination -Goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: unearth intrapsychic conflicts and focus on traumaand defense mechanismsPsychoanalytic Theorists:-Carl Jung collective unconscious and enduring personality traits-A wisdom accumulated by society and culture that’s stored deep in an individual’s memory and passed on from generation to generation; spiritual and religious drives-Alfred Adler Birth order; inferiority complex and striving for superiority; self-actualization (people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences)Humanistic Theory: intrinsic goodness, striving for self-actualization, disorders reflected blocked growthHumanistic Theorists:-Carl Rodgers person-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard; Therapist takes a passive role in therapy making as few interpretations as possible; complete acceptance of most of the clients feelings & actions (unconditional positive regard)-Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs; must satisfy lower needs first as we progress towards self-actualizationLecture 2 (January 23rd) One-Dimensional Model vs. Multidimensional Model: a one-dimensional model states that there is a single cause, operating in isolation (linear causal model that ignores critical information); i.e. the one-dimensional would explain schizophrenia as a result of a chemical imbalance. The multidimensional model states there are several independent inputs that become interdependent, and causes cannot be considered out of context. The Nature of Genes: Genes are long molecules of DNA, located on 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). We inherit one set from each parent. Pairs 1-22 are autosomal (body and brain development) and pair 23 is the sexchromosome (XX=female; XY=male). Genes code for proteins NOT for behavior. Psychopathology=polygenetic influences (influence of many genes, each of small effect). -How we study genetic Effects: we study genes via epidemiology (research method examining the prevalence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in