BIOPSYCH 0505 Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I After the SLD is stimulated in REM sleep A It regulates the REM experience B Muscle tone is lost atonia C REM without atonia D Rapid eye movement II Circadian Rhythms A Circadian Rhythms B Zeitgebars C Suprachiasmatic Nucleushypothalamic nucleus D Melanopsin E Control of seasonal rhythms III Narcolepsy A Symptoms 1 Sleep attack 2 Cataplexy 3 Sleep paralysis 4 Hypnagogic hallucinations B Cause of narcolepsy C Treatments 1 Stimulants 2 SSRIs and SNRIs 3 Tricyclic antidepressants Outline of Current Lecture I Sexual development and behaviors A Chromosomes B Fertilization C Sex determining region of Y SRY II Gene Mutation A Swyer syndrome B 46 XX Testicular Disorder These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1nd III IV A B C D V A B C Sexual Differentiation A Primordial gonad B Mullerian system C Wolffian system D A testis develops a Mullerian E 5 alpha reductase enzyme Sex Characteristics Primary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics Female brains Male brains Masculinization of the brain Aromatase Alpha fetoprotein John Money Current Lecture I Sexual development and behaviors A Chromosomes 1 Male testes produce sperm cells 2 Female ovaries produce ova 3 Sperm and ovum each have 23 chromosomes B Fertilization 1 Sperm cell and ovum create a zygote 2 23 pairs of chromosomes combine to make 46 3 XX is female 4 XY is male C Sex determining region of Y SRY 1 SRY gene contains coding for protein Testis determining factor TDF 2 XX is female if the SRY gene is missing it is XY 3 XY is male if it has two SRY genes it is XX II Gene Mutation A Swyer syndrome1 XY genetype 2 SRY gene mutations prevent production of sex determining region Y protein or result in production of a nonfunctioning protein 3 Fetus will develop as a female and have external genitalia uterus and fallopian tubes but the gonads are not functional not able to reproduce 4 Raised as a female and reported to typically have female gender identity B 46 XX Testicular Disorder 1 Random mutation during formation of the sperm cell 2 Abnormal exchange of genetic material between chromosomes 3 SRY gene is misplaced onto the X chromosome 4 They have external genitalia but it is smaller in size and some individuals have ambiguous genitalia 5 Raised as males and reported to typically have male gender identity III Sexual Differentiation A Primordial gonad 1 Early stage of cells that can develop into either male or female 2 If no Y chromosomes is present the cortex will develop into a female ovary 3 If there is a Y chromosome the medulla will turn into the testis 4 Sexual differentiation occurs in the third month B Mullerian system 1 The female system 2 Develops into the fallopian tube uterus ovary and upper part of vagina C Wolffian system 1 The male system 2 Needs hormonal input 3 Development of the seminal vesicle vas deferens testis and scrotum D A testis develops a Mullerian inhibiting substance targets the Mullerian cells to wither away and testosterone synthesis to helps the Wolffian system E 5 alpha reductase enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone critical for the development of external genitalia IV Sex Characteristics A Primary sex characteristics 1 External genitalia that is present at birth organizational effects of hormones where the fetal cells development into certain organs 2 Differences in the male and female brain B Secondary sex characteristics 1 Develop later during puberty and are prompted by hormonal changes 2 Breast development and widening of the hips softening of features in males they grow facial hair and the broadening of the shoulders C Female brains 1 Higher percentage of gray matter 2 Larger hippocampus 3 Larger ventral prefrontal cortex for cognition and interpersonal judgment 4 Higher levels of serotonin dopamine and GABA D Male brains 1 Larger than female brain by 10 percent 2 Higher percentage of white matter and cerebral spinal fluid 3 Larger and more reactive amygdala 4 Larger hypothalamus 5 Androgens identifying the class such as testosterone V Masculinization of the brain A Aromatase converts testosterone into estradiol B Alpha fetoprotein 1 Produced by the placenta and liver cells during fetal development 2 Levels are high in fetal development and decrease immediately after birth 3 Used to determine if there is testicular cancer or ovarian cancer 4 Binds to estradiol and prevents entry into the brain once testosterone is inside it is converted to estradiol which goes into the nucleus thought that the stimulation of the estradiol masculinizes the brain 5 Very few can make it into the CNS C John Money 1 Nurture could override nature 2 Children can be socialized to be male or female
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