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UW-Madison CS 740 - Next Generation IP - IPv6

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Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59CS640 Introduction to Computer Networks Next Generation IP - IPv61999 Nov, 19thProf. Landweber, Prof. Jun MuraiHistory of IPv4•allocate 1 class B per 1 organization(1980’s)•Projected exhaustion of class B address(1990’s)–allocate multiple class C address per organizations•Rapid increase of routing tables–reducing them by using CIDR(address+mask)•Projected exhaustion of whole IPv4 addresses (1990’s)–4 bytes = 4,300,000,000Problems of IPv4•Problems–rapid increase of Routing tables•60,000 entries in the Internet now–exhausted IPv4 addresses•will exhaust by 2008±Can NAT solve the problems ?•NAT : Network Address Translation–Assign private addresses to the internal systems –Router translate the addressesGlobal IP address SpacePrivate Address SpaceNATPrivate Address SpaceNAT192.0.0.1192.0.0.2192.0.0.1192.0.0.2203.178.1.1133.4.1.5203.178.1.1One solution – NAT•NAT(Network Address Translator)–Popular on Dial-ups, SOHO and VPN networks–will save IPv4 address–lost of the end-to-end model–Asymmetric identifier/communication modelWhy not NAT ?•NAT breaks “end-to-end communication”–Routers monitors the communication–Routers changes the data•NAT breaks “Bi-directional communication”–Hosts with global address can not initiate the communication to the hosts with private address.IPv6 Header formatVer6 PrioFlow LabelHop LimitPayload Length Next HeaderSource AddressDestination AddressIPv4 Header FormatVer4 IHLType of serviceFragmentation OffsetTotal LengthIdentificationFlgsTime To Live Protocol Header ChecksumSource AddressDestination AddressOptionsItalics have been removed in IPv6What’s good about IPv6•Larger Address space–128 bit: 3.4×10^38•Re-design to solve the current problems such as;–Routing–Security–Auto-configuration–Plug & PlayIs IPv6 really good ?•IPv6 can not easily solve (same as IPv4);–Security–Multicast–Mobile–QoSIPv6 AddressNetwork part Host partmanaged by organization0 12864MACSubnet address used by the organization(fixed length)IPv6 Address notation•Basic rules–“:” in every 2 bytes–Hex digits•shorthand–heading 0s in each block can be omitted–“0000” → “0”–“0:all zeros in between :0” can be “::”IPv6 address notation – example•3ffe:0501:0008:0000:0260:97ff:fe40:efab–3ffe:501:8:0:260:97ff:fe40:efab–3ffe:501:8::260:97ff:fe40:feab•ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001–ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1–ff02::1Types of addresses1st 4bits of the adddress Use0 (0000) Special address1 (0001) Special address2 (0010) Aggregatable global unicast address3 (0011) Aggregatable global unicast address4 (0100) Unassigned5 (0101) Unassigned6 (0110) Unassigned7 (0111) Unassigned8 (1000) Unassigned9 (1001) Unassigneda (1010) Unassignedb (1011) Unassignedc (1100) Unassignedd (1101) Unassignede (1110) link-local, site-local, multicastf (1111) link-local, site-local,multicastIPv6 addresses:uni/multi/any-cast•unicast–communicate specified 1 computer•multicast–communicate group of computers•anycast –send group address that can receive multiple computers,but receive 1 computersggd sgaasaunicast anycastmulticastSpecial address•::–Used by plug & play •::1–loopback (same as 127.0.0.1 in many IPv4 implementations)–ping ::1 should answer myself.Aggregatable global unicast address0 16byte82 4 6 10 12 140 128bit6432 96TLA NLA Interface identifierSLATLA – Top Level Aggregator … assigned for 8K major providers(13+3bits)NLA – Next Level Aggregator … assigned for smaller providersSLA – Site Level Aggregator … subnet numbers within organizations (16bits)NLA1NLA2NLA3Multicast Address•Scope1: node local scope2: link local scope5: site local scope8: organization local scopee: global scpe0 16byte824 6 10 12 140 128bit6432 96group identifierf f 0 0 0 0ScopeFlag0 0000 … ……………………..00 •Group ID0000:0000 ~ feff:ffff0000:0001 … all nodes0000:0002 … all routersMulticast Address - example•ff01::2–node local & all routers •ff02::1–link local & all nodes•ff02::2–link local & all routersSolicitation Multicast Address0 84 6 10 12 140 6432 96f f 0 2 0 001 f f•Used for address resolution (ARP)•ff02::1:ff40:efab = Solicitation multicast address for fe80::260:97ff:fe40:efabPlug & Play•generate a IPv6 address automatically from global network address and ether MAC address•sense duplicated address•detect default route to the appropriate router•redirect to the router if host’s connection was lostPlug & PlayRouterNew HostPrefix (8byte) notifies to ff02::1 (periodical)solicit prefix to ff02::2ask the duplication to ff02::1Ethernet Address(6bytes) = 00:60:97:40:ef:abInterface-id(8bytes EUI) = 260:97ff:fe40:efabIPv6 Address = Prefix : Interface-idIPv6 ready application•handle “:” in address correctly•handle IPv4 and IPv6 addresses% ftp ftp.kame.net% ftp 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5254:ff:fedc:50d2NOTE: Use of ‘:’ may cause confusions!(http:://xxx, %scp xx:foo.txt)DNS for IPv6•‘A’ record of DNS(IPv4)www.kame.net A 203.178.141.212•‘Qaud A’ record of DNS(IPv6)www.kame.net AAAA 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5254:ff:fedc:50d2IPv4 programming exampleint i, s;struct hostent *hp;struct servent *sp;struct sockaddr_in sin;s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);hp = gethostbyname("www.kame.net");sp = getservbyname("http", "tcp");for (i = 0; hp->h_addr_list[i]; i++) { memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_len = sizeof(sin); sin.sin_port = htons(sp->s_port); memcpy(&sin.sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[i], hp->h_length); if (connect(s, &sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) continue; break;}IPv6 programming exampleint s;struct addrinfo hints, *res, *res0;memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC;hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;getaddrinfo("www.kame.net", "http", &hints, &res0);for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) { s = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol); if (connect(s, res->ai_addr,


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