Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring A student uses the petrel peeper a portable infrared video system to inspect a burrow Students at Maine s College of the Atlantic are using the data to learn more about Storm Petrels in their native habitat Wireless biological sensors placed in nests BY Alan Mainwaring and David Culler Intel Research Berkeley Intel Corporation Joseph Polastre Robert Szewczyk and David Culler EECS Department University of California at Berkeley John Anderson College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor Maine OUTLINE 1 Requirements for Habitat Monitoring are Established 2 Design Requirements for Hardware Sensor Network and Capabilities for Remote Data Access and Management are Determined 3 A System Architecture is Proposed to Address these Requirements 4 A Specific Instance of the Architecture is Presented for Monitoring Seabird Nesting Environments and Behavior 5 Results and Recommendations are Discussed Habitat Monitoring Questions What is the usage pattern of nesting burrows over 24 72 hour cycle when one or both members of a breeding pair may alternate incubation duties with feeding at sea What changes can be observed in the burrow and surface environmental parameters during the course of the approximately 7 month breeding season April October What are the differences in the micro environments with and without large numbers of nesting petrals Habitat Monitoring Requirements FOR EXAMPLE Minimal disturbance in monitoring Simple Easy deployment Economical Method for Conducting Long Term Studies Existing Land Atmosphere Observation Systems Requires local power utilities Requires miles of power cables Expensive 100k Takes weeks to deploy Requires flat locations Measurements are limited to tower footprints 10 Remote Sensing Requirements Internet Access Hierarchical Network wireless capability Sensor Network Longevity 9 12 months Operating off the grid bundled energy supplies Management at a distance PDA Query a Sensor Adjust Param Locate Devices Inconspicuous operation System Behavior In situ Interactions Sensors and Sampling Data Archiving Proposed System Architecture Initial Deployment Strategy Implementation Strategy Sensor Network Node Sensor Board Energy Budget Panel Size in 2 Total Watt Hours per Day x 1 Peak Winter Hours 065W in 2 Expected Lifetime Sensor Deployment Packaging GREAT IDEA EXCEPT THE SIZE OF THE MICE WAS TOO LARGE TO FIT IN PETREL BURROWS Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality Sensor Deployment Packaging Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality Patch Gateway FIRST CHOICE CerfCube Strong Arm embedded System Running Linux and 802 w CompactFlash 802 11b adapter 1GB Storage and Solar Panel 2 4GHz antenna w Range of 1000 feet HOWEVER 802 11b requires bidirectional link in MAC and has TCP IP Overhead And had 2 required 2 orders of magnitude more power than a mote Base Station Installation DBMS User Interfaces including a PDA RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OTHER APPLICATION SERVICES LOCALIZATION TIME SYNCRONIZATION AND SELF CONFIGURATION DATA SAMPLING AND COLLECTION Communications Power Efficient Communication Paradigms must include routing algorithms medium access algorithms and managed hardware access tailored for efficient network communication while maintaining connectivity when required to source or relay packets Future above ground nodes will have harvesting capabilities to enable node hop routing Health Status Monitoring Diagnostics such as voltage at periodic rates as opposed to only during transmission or Intelligent Schemes LATER ADVANCES NEW WEATHER BOARD DESIGN Mica Sensorboard The mica sensorboard can have these sensors temperature photo magnetomer accelerometer microphone sounder buzzer MICA 2 CALIBRATION NEW PACKAGING