BIOL 1050 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last LectureI. Stem Cellsa. Potent typesII. Two major categoriesa. Embryonicb. AdultIII. TelomeraseIV. GenomicsV. Use for genomics Outline of Current LectureI. Cell divisionII. Eukaryotic cell cycleIII. Eukaryotic cell cycle controlIV. Cell Cycle problemsCurrent LectureI. Cell division a. Reproduction of organismsi. Whole organisms can reproduce by 1. Asexual reproduction: essentially making a clone of the parenta. Bacteria2. Sexual reproduction: combines genetic information from two parentsa. Humansb. Cell Reproductioni. Cell reproduction= cell division1. 2 daughter cells formeda. Functions:i. To replace lost or damaged cellsii. Growthiii. Organismal reproductionii. Before a cell divides it duplicates its DNA1. Mitosis: eukaryotic cell division, for growthThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Meiosis: eukaryotic cell division, for reproduction, gamete/sperm/egg production3. Binary fission: prokaryotic cell division (bacteria)iii. After duplicating chromosomes there are 2 identical copies1. When the cell divides, copies separate, result is two identical daughter cells (prokaryotic)II. Eukaryotic Cell Cyclea. Any cell except an egg/sperm spends its time in 2 phasesi. Interphaseii. Mitotic phase which includes mitosis and cytokinesis1. Interphase2. Cell functions normally3. Cells grow 4. DNA is copied5. Preperations for cell divisioniii. Mitosis1. Divides the nucleus and chromosomesiv. Cytokinesis1. Divides the cytoplasm and organellesv. Result of these two together is one cell divided into 2 cells that are identical to the beginning cellIII. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Controla. Normal cells go through series of checkpoints in cell cycleb. Proteins work as guards that check if:i. A cell needs to divideii. Cell is large enough to divideiii. DNA has been copied correctly and is positioned properlyc. These proteins are coded for by genesd. When these proteins are normal, cell division works properlye. When the proteins do not work properly, abnormal cell division makes tumors (moles, skin tags, cysts are all tumors)f. Check points are during interphase and mitosisIV. Cell Cycle Problemsa. Benign tumor: an abnormal mass of cells that stays in placeb. Malignant tumors: lumps of cancerous cellsi. Divide excessively and
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