BIOL 1050 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last LectureI. Genetic ExpressionII. Virusesa. Viral replicationb. Emerging virusesc. Retrovirusesd. HIV/AIDSOutline of Current LectureI. Stem Cellsa. Potent typesII. Two major categoriesa. Embryonicb. AdultIII. TelomeraseIV. GenomicsV. Use for genomicsCurrent LectureI. Stem Cells a. Can a specialized cell be altered to become a different cell type?i. Yes, stem cells1. Through differentiationb. Stem cells are a subset of cells that are: i. Able to become any or many specialized cell typec. Potent typesi. Totipotent: can give rise to all tissues and placentaii. Pluripotent: can give rise to all tissues but not the placentaiii. Multipotent: tissue specific, gives rise to all of one tissue1. Hematopetic stem cell (gives rise to all blood cells)iv. Unipotent: single fate, only gives rise to oned. Stem cells ability to self renew or differentiate into eitheri. 2 new stem cellsii. or 1 stem cell and one differentialized cell II. Two major categories of stem cellsa. Embryonic stem cellsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Some lab techniques cause embryo to die when stem cell is removed1. From umbilical cords, cloningii. Can become virtually any cell in body iii. Easier to grow in labiv. Can divide unlimited number of timesv. Scientists know how to feed these cells to make them grow betterb. Adult stem cellsi. Mainly in bone marrowii. Fewer ethical problems iii. Partially specialized so can only become a related cell typeiv. Difficult to grow in labv. Can only divide a limited number of timesvi. Scientists do not know how to feed these cells to make them grow betterIII. Telomerasea. Enzyme on chromosome that prevents them from becoming shorter when cells divide on embryonic cellsi. Are immortalized (unlimited amount of cellular replication)IV. Genomicsa. Genome: a complete set of organisms DNA (23 pairs chromosomes)b. Sequencing: determining the order of bases on DNA and where genes occurc. Human genome projecti. 1990 international effort to determine the number of genes in humans and the sequence of basesii. Genome sizes vary for different organisms1. Genome size doesn’t determine organism complexity2. Exons and introns3. mRNA removes intronsd. 2 % of human DNA is codingV. Uses for Genomicsa. Compare genomes of species or individualsi. Solve bioterrorism crimesii. Study evolutioniii. Track diseasesb. Manipulate genesi. Create genetically modified organismsii. Human gene
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