CSM HST 1012 - Chapter 18 The Eighteenth Centurych18

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Chapter 18The Eighteenth Century:European States, International Wars, and Social ChangeTimelineThe European StatesEnlightened Absolutism?Natural Rights• Characteristics• Declaration of Independence• Enlightened rulers How they were to ruleThe Atlantic Seaboard StatesFrance: Problems of the French monarchs• Louis XV (1715 – 1774)• Louis XVI (1774 – 1792)Great Britain: King & ParliamentUnited Kingdom of Great Britain, 1707The King’s MinistersSet policy and guided ParliamentParliamentMakeupParliamentary electionsHanoverians – George I (r. 1714 – 1727) and George II (r. 1727 –1760)Robert Walpole (prime minister, 1721 – 1742)William Pitt, the Elder (prime minister, 1757 – 1761)George III, (1760 – 1820)William Pitt, the Younger (prime minister, 1783 – 1801 and 1804 – 1806)The Decline of the Dutch RepublicEconomic DeclineDomination of the OligarchiesPatriots and OrangistsMap 18.1: Europe in 1763Absolutism in Central and Eastern EuropePrussia: The Army and The BureaucracyFrederick William I, 1713-1740General DirectoryHighly efficient bureaucracyArmy• JunkersFrederick II, the Great, 1740-1786Well educated• Enlightenment thoughtReforms: Law code, Civil libertiesSocially and politically conservativeUse of the army• ExpansionThe Austrian Empire of the HapsburgsEmpress Maria Theresa, 1740-1780Austria culturally dividedPractical reforms but conservativeJoseph II, 1780-1790Reforms• Abolishes serfdom• New penal code• Reforms overwhelmingRussia Under Catherine the Great, 1762-1796ReformInstruction, 1767Strengthens landholders at expense of serfsRebellion of Emelyan Pugachev, 1773-1775Territorial ExpansionThe Destruction of PolandElected KingWeakness of MonarchyDestruction of the Polish State by Austria, Russia, and PrussiaMap 18.2: The Partitioning of PolandThe Mediterranean WorldSpainPhilip V (1700 -1746)Charles III (1759 – 1788)PortugalThe Marquis of Pombal (1699 – 1782)The Italian StatesAustrian DominationThe Scandinavian StatesSwedenSwedish nobility grew in power after the death of Charles XII in 1718Factionalism allowed Gustavus III (1771 –1792) to reassert monarchial authority• Enlightened reformsDenmarkReform efforts of Christian VII (1766 – 1808) and John Frederick StruenseeEnlightened Absolutism RevisitedOnly Joseph II sought radical changes based on Enlightenment ideasPolitical and Social Limits on ReformPugachev’s RebellionWars and DiplomacyEuropean Rivalries The War of the Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748)A world war? Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763)Diplomatic revolutionEuropean warIndian war• Robert Clive (1725 – 1774)North American war• William Pitt the Elder• British victoryMap 18. 3: The Battlefields of the Seven Years’ WarEuropean Armies and WarfareRise of the Professional ArmyComposition of ArmiesReflected social hierarchyRank-and-file soldiers came from lower classesArmies partly composed of foreign troopsBritain had no standing armyBritain and the Dutch Republic emphasized naval powerThe Nature of WarfareLarger armies did not lead to greater destructionEmphasis on strategy and tacticsEconomic Expansion & Social ChangePopulation and FoodPopulation Growth• Falling death rate• Improvements in diet• Ideal growing conditions• New cropsFamily, Marriage, and Birthrate PatternsNuclear family • Late marriages• Limits on the birthrateChildren of the Upper ClassesThe Practice of InfanticideEconomic Expansion & Social Conditions (cont)An Agricultural Revolution?DebateIncreased food productionNew methods and new cropsEnclosureNew Methods of FinanceNational debtNational BanksEuropean IndustryCottage industryNew methods and new machinesCottage IndustryThe Social Order of the Eighteenth CenturyPatterns of SocietyForces of ChangeThe PeasantsGeneral situationCompulsory servicesImportance of the villageDomination by wealthy landownersDietThe NobilityPrivileges of the nobilityMilitary serviceMoving into the ranks of the nobilityThe Aristocratic Way of LifeThe Country HousePurpose and stylePrivacyInfluence of womenThe estateThe Grand TourCosmopolitan nature of high cultureTravel as a manifestation of the EnlightenmentDifficulties of travelPurpose of travelItineraryThomas Gainsborough, ConversationInhabitants of Towns and CitiesTownspeople still a minority of the populationImportance of townsCenters of cultureUrban oligarchyMiddle classPetty bourgeoisieLaborersSanitation and povertyA Market in TurinDiscussion QuestionsCompare and contrast European warfare in 1600 and 1750. How did changes in the nature of warfare shape political development?What factors contributed to population growth in eighteenth-century Europe? How did population growth shape economic development?What obstacles to reform faced enlightened monarchs in eastern Europe?Who held political power in eighteenth-century Britain? What limits were there on monarchial authority?In what ways did the country house embody the lifestyle and values of the eighteenth-century aristocracy?Web LinksThe Seven Years’ War WebsiteThe Agricultural Revolution in EnglandWilliam Hogarth and Eighteenth-Century Print Culture Everyday Life: Primary Sources From Popular to Mass Culture: Primary Sources Historical Maps of


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