Chemistry 103Chemical CalculationsSlide 3OutlineSOLUTIONS - Chapter 12MatterSlide 7MixturesSolution vocabularyNature of Solutes in SolutionsFormation of a SolutionSolution vocabulary - UnsaturatedSolution vocabulary - SaturatedConcentration TermsMolarityMaking a SolutionMolarity ProblemsMolarity in Chemical ReactionsSummary of Chemical ReactionsUsing Molarity of ReactantsLearning CheckLearning CheckChemistry 103Lecture 20Chemical CalculationsA mixture of 25.0g of H2 and an excess of N2 react according to the following equation: 3H2(g) + N2(g) -----> 2NH3(g)How many liters of NH3 are produced at STP?Chemical CalculationsA mixture of 25.0g of H2 and an excess of N2 react according to the following equation: 3H2(g) + N2(g) -----> 2NH3(g)How many liters of NH3 are produced at STP 745mmHg and 23oC?OutlineI. Solutions - vocabulary - Molarity defined - Solution StoichiometrySOLUTIONS - Chapter 12Matter Pure Substance MixtureElement Compound Heterogeneous HomogeneousMatter Pure Substance MixtureElement Compound Heterogeneous Homogeneous (Solutions)MixturesHomogeneous Mixtures (solutions)The composition is uniform throughoutThe different parts of the mixture are not visibleair, salt water, alloys (i.e. brass, bronze)Heterogeneous MixturesThe composition of substances is not uniformThe composition varies from one part of the mixture to another The different parts of the mixture are visiblepotting soil, oil and waterSolution vocabularySolute - that which is dispersed in a solution (present in lesser amount) Reacting Component!!!!!Solvent - dispersing agent (present in greatest amount)SolutesSpread evenly throughout the solution. Are not visible, but can give a color to the solution.Nature of Solutes in SolutionsCopyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin CummingsFormation of a SolutionNa+ and Cl- ions•On the surface of a NaCl crystal are attracted to polar water molecules.•In solution are hydrated as several H2O molecules surround each.Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin CummingsSolution vocabulary - UnsaturatedUnsaturated solutions Contain less than the maximum amount of solute. Can dissolve more solute. Dissolved soluteCopyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin CummingsSolution vocabulary - SaturatedSaturated solutions Contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve. Have undissolved solute at the bottom of the container. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcentration TermsConcentrationDesignates the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solutionThere are many ways of designating concentration.Percent concentrationPercent by mass (m/m)Percent by volume (v/v)Molarity = MMolarityMolarity (M)A Conversion Factor between the amount of solute and the volume of solution!!!M = Molarity = moles of solute L of solutionMaking a SolutionSteps for making a solution:1. Weigh out the solute, put it in a volumetric flask.2. Add some water, mix the solute and the solvent.3. Add water to the line on the volumetric flask.Molarity ProblemsCalculate the Molarity of 73.0g of HCl in 2.00L of solution.Calculate the grams of solute needed to prepare 325mL of a 0.100M CaCl2 solution.Molarity in Chemical Reactions In a chemical reaction,The volume and molarity of a solution are used to determine the moles of a reactant or product.M ( mol ) x volume (L) = moles solute LIf molarity, M (mol/L), and moles are given, the volume (L) can be determined.moles x 1 L = volume (L) solution molesSummary of Chemical ReactionsCopyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin CummingsUsing Molarity of ReactantsHow many mL of 3.00 M HCl solution are needed to completely react with 4.85 g CaCO3?2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)Learning CheckHow many mL of a 0.150 M Na2S solution are needed to completely react 18.5 mL of 0.225 M NiCl2 solution?NiCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) NiS(s) + 2NaCl(aq)Learning Check What volume, in liters, of H2 gas measured at STP can be produced from 50.0mL of 6.0M H2SO4 solution and 25.0g of Ni according to the reaction: Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) ------> NiSO4(aq) +