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Cal Poly Pomona PSY 402 - Stimulus Generalization

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PSY402 Theories of LearningStimulus GeneralizationThe Role of Environmental StimuliDefinitions of TermsGeneralization GradientKinds of GradientsShapes of GradientsFlat GradientsGeneralization of InhibitionExplanationPSY402Theories of LearningWednesdayFebruary 19, 2003Stimulus GeneralizationChapter 7The Role of Environmental StimuliIn operant conditioning, the stimulus becomes associated with the reinforcer or punishment.Reward or punishment is the UCS.The stimulus signaling reward or punishment is the CS.The CR motivates operant behavior.Responding can be used as a measure of the strength of a CR.Definitions of TermsStimulus control -- Environmental stimuli signal the opportunity for reward or punishment. Generalization – responding in the same way to similar stimuli.Discrimination – responding to some stimuli but not to others.Generalization GradientDegrees of generalization occur.In some situations, the same response occurs to similar stimuli.In other situations, the amount of response varies with the similarity.Generalization gradient – a graph showing how the strength of response changes with similarity.Steep gradients mean narrow response (stimuli must be very similar).Kinds of GradientsExcitatory conditioning (S+) – a CS-UCS response to a stimulus is learned.Excitatory gradient – the S+ is varied and the CR is measured.Inhibitory conditioning (S-) – a CS signals absence of the UCS and thus inhibits the CR.Inhibitory gradient – the S- is varied and the CR is measured.Shapes of GradientsMost sensory stimuli produce similar gradients.Pigeons pecking at colored lights.Tones paired with shocks.Words paired with pretzels or candy:Synonyms and homonyms produce salivation.Semantic similarity works best.Flat GradientsA flat gradient means all stimuli are being responded to as if they were the same.Responding with a gradient to a tone occurred only when the tone signaled reward during training.Generalization of InhibitionInhibition example: fear of dating.A good experience leads to less fear of dating a different person.Inhibition gradients are similar to excitatory gradients – the more the stimulus varies, the less inhibition.ExplanationLashley-Wade theory – people and animals generalize because they are unable to discriminate.Can’t tell the difference between stimuliA contrast is needed during training to enable discrimination.Discrimination training leads to steeper generalization gradients.Perceptual experience


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Cal Poly Pomona PSY 402 - Stimulus Generalization

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