Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Figure 11-13 Electron micrograph of the cellulose fibers in the cell wall of the alga Chaetomorpha melagonium.Figure 11-14 The primary structure of cellulose.Slide 7Figure 11-15 Proposed structural model of cellulose.Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Cross-bridging and esterification in pectinsSlide 13Figure 11-16 Structure of chitin.Figure 11-17a a-Amylose. The D-glucose residues of a-amylose are linked by a(1 ® 4) bonds (red).Slide 16Slide 17Figure 11-17b a-Amylose. This regularly repeating polymer forms a left-handed helix.Figure 11-18a Amylopectin. Its primary structure near one of its a(1 ® 6) branch points (red).Figure 11-18b Amylopectin. (b) Its bushlike structure with glucose residues at branch points indicated in red.Slide 21Slide 22Figure 11-23 Schematic diagram comparing the cell envelopes of (a) gram-positive bacteria and (b) gram-negative bacteria.Figure 11-24a Chemical structure of peptidoglycan. (a) The repeating unit of peptidoglycan.Figure 11-24b Chemical structure of peptidoglycan. (b) The S. aureus bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.Figure 11-25 Structure of penicillin.Figure 11-26 Enzymatic inactivation of penicillin.Slide 28Figure 11-29a N-Linked oligosaccharides. (a) All N-glycosidic protein attachments occur through a -N-acetylglucosamino–Asn bond to Asn–X–Ser/Thr.Figure 11-29c N-Linked oligosaccharides. (c) Some examples of N-linked oligosaccharides.Figure 11-30 Some common O-glycosidic attachments of oligosaccharides to glycoproteins (red).Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Figure 11-33a The surfaces of (a) a normal mouse cell as seen in the electron microscope. (b) a cancerous cell as seen in the electron microscope.Slide 40Sugar determination by acetylation followed byGC/MSSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Thermodynamics!!!Living cells are not at equilibrium!Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50The energy charge of most cells ranges from 0.8 to 0.95Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Figure 11-13 Electron micrograph of the cellulose fibers in the cell wall of the alga Chaetomorpha melagonium.Page 365Figure 11-14 The primary structure of cellulose.Page 365FIGURE 7-15a Cellulose. (a) Two units of a cellulose chain; the D-glucose residues are in (β1→4) linkage. The rigid chair structures can rotate relative to one another.Figure 11-15 Proposed structural model of cellulose.Page 365Cellulose: jmolCell wall architectureextensinPectinsCommon sugars found in plant polysaccharidesPectin structuresCross-bridging and esterification in pectinsA spotted June beetle (Pelidnota punctata), showing its surface armor (exoskeleton) of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucoasamine.Figure 11-16 Structure of chitin.Page 366Figure 11-17a -Amylose. The D-glucose residues of-amylose are linked by (1  4) bonds (red).Page 366Amylose: jmolFigure 11-17b -Amylose. This regularly repeating polymer forms a left-handed helix.Page 366glycogen: jmolFigure 11-18a Amylopectin. Its primary structure near one of its (1  6) branch points (red).Page 367Figure 11-18b Amylopectin. (b) Its bushlike structure with glucose residues at branch points indicated in red.Page 367FIGURE 7-19 A map of favored conformations for oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.Repeating units of some common glycosaminoglycans of extracellular matrix.Figure 11-23 Schematic diagram comparing the cell envelopes of (a) gram-positive bacteria and (b) gram-negative bacteria.Page 373Figure 11-24a Chemical structure of peptidoglycan.(a) The repeating unit of peptidoglycan.NAGNAMBoth + and - wallsFigure 11-24b Chemical structure of peptidoglycan. (b) The S. aureus bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.Page 373Figure 11-25 Structure of penicillin.Page 374From yeastPrevents crosslinking ofpeptidesAlexander FlemingFigure 11-26 Enzymatic inactivation of penicillin. Page 374FIGURE 7-29 Oligosaccharide linkages in glycoproteinsFigure 11-29a N-Linked oligosaccharides. (a) All N-glycosidic protein attachments occur through a -N-acetylglucosamino–Asn bond to Asn–X–Ser/Thr.Page 376Figure 11-29c N-Linked oligosaccharides. (c) Some examples of N-linked oligosaccharides.Page 376Figure 11-30 Some common O-glycosidic attachments of oligosaccharides to glycoproteins (red).Page 376•gal•NAc gal•fucoseBlood group substancesFlu virion•Hemagglutinin binding to sialic acid-containing receptor. •Watch a layperson’s video of flu infectionFigure A-9 Flu Life CycleWhen flu virions buds out of a cell, a viral sialidase cleaves off membrane sialic acids. These anitviral agents inhibit this enzyme.Genetic defects due to carbohyrate metabolism defectsFigure 11-33a The surfaces of (a) a normal mouse cell as seen in the electron microscope. (b) a cancerous cell as seen in the electron microscope.Page 378abAgglutinated with Conconavalin A--specific for glc and manSugar determination by acetylation followed byGC/MS5 10 15 20 25minutes0.02.55.07.510.012.515.017.5MCounts gal.40012.SMS 40:650 40:650Gas chromatogram of D-galactitol hexacetateSpectrum of Galactitol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacetateFIGURE 7-37 Separation and quantification of the oligosaccharides in a group of glycoproteins. A mixture of proteins extracted from kidney tissue was treated to release oligosaccharides from glycoproteins, and the oligosaccharides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Each distinct oligosaccharide produces a peak at its molecular mass, and the area under the curve reflects the quantity of that oligosaccharide.•LEHNINGER •PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY•Fifth EditionDavid L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox© 2008 W. H. Freeman and CompanyCHAPTER 13Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction TypesThermodynamics!!!Living cells are not at equilibrium!Concentrations of reactants and products are typically far from the equilibrium values (Q  Keq). We must consider “steady state” concentrations of these species for the determination of G. G = Go' + RTlnQHomeostaticconditionsThe energy charge of most cells ranges from 0.8 to 0.95Fig 16.2Figure 16.3CatabolicpathwaysAnabolicpathwaysFigure 16.25°Table 16.3°’Figure 16.20Page 567Figure 16-21b Some overall coupled reactions involving ATP. (b) The phosphorylation of ADP by