3.23 Fall 2007 – Lecture 1 WAVES MECHANICSThe 3.23 TeamRoadmapRoadmapGrading: Exams, Problem SetsAcademic IntegrityTextbooksOther TextbooksLife at MIT (@ Prof Fink)Materials Breakthroughs (so 20th century…)Advanced MaterialsPhysical Origin of Material PropertiesFrom Classical to QuantumRound Up the Usual SuspectsParticles and FieldsParticles and FieldsForces Dynamics of a ParticleDynamics of a ParticleElectromagnetic Waves / PhotonsStandard Model of MatterMaterial Properties From First-PrinciplesWhy do we need quantum mechanics ? Structural properties (fracture in silicon) Electronic, optical, magnetic propertiesWave-particle DualityWave-particle DualityDescription of a WaveDescription of a WavePrinciple of linear superposition Interference in ActionInterference in ActionHarmonic Oscillator (I)Harmonic Oscillator (II)Harmonic Oscillator (III)The total energy of the systemA Traveling “Plane” WaveWhen is a particle like a wave ?Time-dependent Schrödinger’s equation (Newton’s 2nd law for quantum objects)Plane waves as free particlesMIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.23 Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of MaterialsFall 2007For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)3.23 Fall 2007 – Lecture 1WAVES MECHANICSCourtesy of Jon Sullivan, http://pdphoto.org.3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)The 3.23 Team•Lectures 4‐231 Tue and Thu 10:00‐11:30 am• Recitations 13‐5101 Wed 1‐2 pm or 3‐4pmNicola Marzari (Instructor)David Paul (I, Magnetic)Nicolas Poilvert (TA, Electronic)Nicephore Bonnet (TA, Optica l/Magn) Roadmap3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)•Sep 6. From particles to waves: the Schrödinger equation•Sep 11. The mechanics of quantum mechanics: operators, expectation values•Sep 13. Measurements and probabilities. The harmonic oscillator.•Sep 18. The hydrogen atom and the periodic table•Sep 20. Periodicity and phonons•Sep 25. Electrons in a lattice: Bloch’s theorem•Sep 27. The nearly‐free electron model•Oct 2. The tight‐binding model. Band structures•Oct 4. Semiconductors and insulators•Oct 11. Band structure engineering•Oct 16. Transport of heat and electricity•Oct 18. Inhomogeneous and hot carriers in semiconductors•Oct 23. Mid‐term exam (during class, 1:30 hours)•Oct 25. The p‐ndiodeRoadmap3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)•Oct 30. Optical materials and refractive index•Nov 1. Electromagne tism in dielectric media•Nov 6. Classic propagation of waves•Nov 8. Interband absorption•Nov 13. Fundamental of ferromagnetic materials•Nov 15. Hysteresis loop and driving energies•Nov 20. Hard materials and permanent magnets•Nov 27. Soft materials: thin films and nanoparticles. Spintronics and GMR•Nov 29. Spin valves, spin switches, and spin tunneling•Dec 4. Excitons•Dec 6. Luminescence•Dec 11. Semiconductor quantum wells•Dec 17 –Dec 21: Final exam (3 hours, date will be fixed by Schedules’ office)DO NOT BOOK YOUR FLIGHTS YET !3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)Grading: Exams, Problem Sets• 30% Problem Sets• 30% Mid‐term Exam (Oct 23)• 40% Final Exam (Final’s week –Dec 17‐21)• Exams are not “open book”, but you can bring one 2‐sided, Letter‐sized sheet of mnemonic aids• For the exams, you’ll probably need a very basic calculator Academic IntegrityCollaboration Policy for 3.23 ‐ Fall Term 2007Before preparing your problem set, you are welcome to discuss it with your fellow students. Data and figures may not be shared. All writing in in a problem set must be original: do not copy any portion from reference material or the problem sets of other students, previous or current.3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)TextbooksThe class is based on th ese two required textbooks:John SingletonBand Theory and Electronic Properties of SolidsPaperback, Oxford University Press (2001)ISBN‐10: 0198506449, ISBN‐13: 978‐0198506447Mark FoxOptical Properties of SolidsPaperback, Oxford University Press (2001)ISBN‐10: 0198506120, ISBN‐13: 978‐0198506126(Errata can be found at www.mark‐fox.staff.shef.ac.uk/ops_errata.html)These can be found at any academic bookstore. They are also available from Oxford University Press (www.oup.com). Last, www.addall.com is a very good site to compare prices across3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)Other TextbooksHayden Reserves• Stephen Blundell Magnetism in Condensed Matter, Oxford University Press• Ashcroft and Mermin Solid‐state physics• Charles Kittel Introduction to solid‐state physics (Wiley)Other• Bransden & Joachain Quantum Mechanics (2nded), Prentice Hall (2000)• Bransden & Joachain Physics of Atoms and Molecules (2nded)Life at MIT (@ Prof Fink)• Your experience should be wonderful and enjoyable (when averaged appropriately ☺)• Finding an advisor (junior vs. senior, work style, group members, resources…)• You can change the world ! (It might require some work)•Are you stuck ? Unhappy ? Making progress ? Is it only you ?•What if things don’t work out initially ? (what are your options)•Have a life (friends, home, gym, travel, music, museums...)3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)Materials Breakthroughs (so 20thcentury…)•Steel and cement ‐ building and engines• Aluminum alloys ‐ air transportation•Polymers ‐ safe packaging, medical materials• Silicon ‐ computing•Cobalt alloys ‐ data storage• Silica fibers ‐ communications• Transition‐metal alloys –catalytic converters3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials - Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)3.23 Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Materials ‐ Nicola Marzari (MIT, Fall 2007)Advanced MaterialsMarzariStellacciImage removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see