Needs Assessment“I need a thneed”, the LoraxPowerPoint PresentationWhose value judgement?Kinds of NeedsThree ModelsSlide 7Ex1: SCORP ApproachEx 2: NRPA Open Space Standards for CommunitiesProblems with StandardsEx 3. Community Needs Survey or Market SurveyCentral Cities 10/acres/1000Central Cities 10% of LandCentral Cities $8 Operating per capitaMeeting all 3Mich SCORP 1985 User-Oriented FacilitiesMI Local Park Acres- 85Hit a HomerSteps in Needs StudyNeeds Assessment•Another evaluation approach•What is a “need”•Approaches to assessing needs•Examples“I need a thneed”, the Lorax•Like/Dislike, Preference •Need•Want•Demand•Willingness to Pay"need" is a value judgement that some group has a problem that can (should) be addressed.Whose value judgement?•normative need - an experts opinion, •felt need - client self-assessment,•expressed need -(behavior)- use or non-use of services/facilities),•comparative need -relative to a reference or peer group.Kinds of Needs•Outcomes not = expectations (standards)•At risk : groups whose conditions put them at greater risk of problems•Maintenance needs, e.g alcohol, drug rehabThree Models•Discrepancy (gap) = desired - existing–Goal setting - what we want–Performance measurement - what is–Discrepancy identification•Marketing - determine needs and wants of target markets and assess ways (4P's) of meeting them–Select target markets–Choose competitive position –Develop effective marketing mix •Decision-making models- MAUT/I-PNeed = difference between what someone wants and what existsApplied mostly to public programsOften in context of resource allocations across target populations or regionsRelative needs - indices, prioritiesEx1: SCORP Approach•Measure supply of facilities in region•Measure “Demand” or desired use•Difference = Need•Forecast Future Supply or Demand to assess future needEx 2: NRPA Open Space Standards for Communities•10 acres of parkland per 1000 population•10% of land area in parks•$8 operating expense per capitaProblems with Standards•Minimums, Maximums or Ideal?•Must be revised to fit local situation•Origin usually dubious•Tend to become performance measures rather than guidelines•Often misusedEx 3. Community Needs Survey or Market Survey•Qualitative or Quantitative•Attitudes or Behavior•Objective or subjective measures•Direct or Indirect ApproachesCentral Cities 10/acres/1000Port Arthur, TX 70.1Phoenix, AZ 45.6Columbus, OH 17.9Lansing, MI 15.2San Diego, CA 13.3Minneapolis, MN 11.8Cincinatti, OH 10.7Central Cities 10% of LandWheeling, WV 23.6Phoenix, AZ 19.9Columbus, OH 17.0Lansing, MI 14.5San Diego, CA 13.3Minneapolis, MN 15.2Cincinatti, OH 10.8Central Cities $8 Operating per capitaWheeling, WV 37.36Santa Barbara, CA 15.43Columbus, OH 12.59Lansing, MI 9.82Atlanta, GA 10.12Los Angeles, CA 9.50Minneapolis, MN 8.09Meeting all 3CityAcres/1000 % Land OperatingWheeling, WV32.6 23.6 37.36Portland, OR19.5 17.3 10.40Columbus, OH17.9 17.0 12.59Lansing, MI15.2 14.5 9.82Indianapolis, IN13.7 16.0 13.78Minneapolis, MN11.8 15.2 8.09Mich SCORP 1985User-Oriented FacilitiesOpportunityNRPAStandardStateAvg.Plan Std.Local park acres10/1,000 6.25 10Outdoor pools1/40,000 .47 1Golf courses.5/25,000 1.26 1Outdoor BB cts1/5,000 1.05 1MI Local Park Acres- 85CountyAcres Per Std NeedsAlcona316 3.24 0Allegan277 .340 539Ingham3,183 1.15 0Van Buren91 .136 577Wayne11,299 .483 12,080State57,877 .625Hit a Homer•Number 60Steps in Needs Study •Identify users and uses of the study•Describe target population and service environment•Identify Needs (propose alternatives)–Problems–Solutions•Assess importance of each need/alternative (evaluation of alternatives)•Communicate
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