BIOPSYCH 0505 Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture Neurotransmitters I II III IV Arousal waking state A Acetylcholine B Norepinephrine C Serotonin D Histamine E Orexin Slow wave sleep A GABA B Adenosine The sleep wake flip flop How does the arousal state become activated A Orexinergic neurons B Adenosine C Second flip flop mechanism D Narcolepsy Outline of Current Lecture I After the SLD is stimulated in REM sleep A It regulates the REM experience B Muscle tone is lost atonia C REM without atonia D Rapid eye movement II Circadian Rhythms A Circadian Rhythms B Zeitgebars C Suprachiasmatic Nucleushypothalamic nucleus D Melanopsin E Control of seasonal rhythms III Narcolepsy These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1nd A Symptoms 1 Sleep attack 2 Cataplexy 3 Sleep paralysis 4 Hypnagogic hallucinations B Cause of narcolepsy C Treatments 1 Stimulants 2 SSRIs and SNRIs 3 Tricyclic antidepressants Current Lecture I After the SLD is stimulated in REM sleep A It regulates the REM experience B Muscle tone is lost atonia 1 We cant act out our dreams due to this 2 SLD stimulates inhibitory interneurons with really short axons that inhibit motor neurons 3 Motor neurons then stimulate movement which is the normal level of activity 4 When inhibited no movement occurs which is normal in sleep C REM without atonia 1 Happens when there is a deficit in the mechanism from the SLD to the inhibitory neurons 2 The pathway is obstructed to the motor neurons 3 Usually happens after a trauma to the brain D Rapid eye movement 1 Movement that is back and forth which is different than SWS eye movement which is more slow rolling 2 The SLD stimulates the medial pontine reticular formation and then the ACH neurons in the forebrain and dorsal pons is activated 3 The cortex is aroused that corresponds with the dreaming state our dreams are us trying to make sense of the firing neurons 4 The neurons then stimulate the tectum midbrain more specifically the superior coliculi II Circadian Rhythms A Circadian Rhythms daily rhythmical change in behavior or psychological process B Zeitgebars stimulus that resets the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms C Suprachiasmatic Nucleushypothalamic nucleus contains the biological clock for many of the body s circadian rhythms D Melanopsin 1 Photo pigment in retinal ganglion cells that project axons to the SCN 2 Light resets the SCN E Control of seasonal rhythms 1 Pineal gland attached to the dorsal tectum that produces the hormone melatonin which increases activity in the vlPOA as light levels decrease plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms III Narcolepsy A Symptoms 2 Sleep attack 3 Cataplexy loss of muscle tone while awake and it feels like they lose the strength in their muscles 4 Sleep paralysis a Momentarily loss of muscle tone while falling asleep or waking up b Can happen outside of narcolepsy due to stress or hormonal changes 5 Hypnagogic hallucinations a Visual and auditory hallucinations b Dreaming with your eyes open c As you are waking up your REM sleep has not shut down yet as the dream continues B Cause of narcolepsy 1 Orexin deficiency loss of neurons 2 Might be an autoimmune disorder as the body begins to attack itself therefore killing the orexin neurons not proven 3 Might be genetic mutation which leads to orexin neuron deficiency but does not run in the family 4 Could be another neurodegenerative condition C Treatments 1 Stimulants a For sleep attacks such as modafinil methylphenidate Ritalin and amphetamines b Helps reduce daily sleepiness and usually taken in the morning 2 SSRIs and SNRIs a Such as fluoxetine prozac and sarafem venlafaxine and atomoxetine b Taken later in the day and reduces the REM components of sleep 3 Tricyclic antidepressants a Sodium oxybate b CNS depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy
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