11. Answer both part (a) and part (b).a) If air has a pressure of 1026.8 hPa and a mixing ratio of 0.005, calculate vaporpressure.b) If air has a specific humidity of 0.0196 and a temperature of 30 deg C, calculatevirtual temperature.2. Answer all of part (a) and part (b) and part (c). For each part, state whether you werean author or a reviewer or neither for the relevant ROAST report.a) Do you think a significant connection has been established between "globalwarming" and recent changes in hurricane climatology? Why, or why not?b) Describe two ways of measuring stratospheric CFC concentrations.c) Describe how the Twomey effect can be studied observationally.3. Curry and Webster state, "Because of the nonlinearity of the Clausius-Clapeyronequation, adiabatic isobaric mixing results in an increase in relative humidity."Explain what they mean by this statement. Draw a suitable diagram and describe theprocess being considered, showing why the statement is true. Give an example of anobservable phenomenon in the atmosphere that illustrates this statement.4. Using a diagram with temperature on the horizontal axis and pressure or altitude onthe vertical axis, describe the processes involved in the development of a typicalcumulus cloud. In your discussion, include the relevance of the lapse rate, thestability of the atmosphere, phase changes of water, and other factors important tocumuliform convection.5. Draw the Kiehl-Trenberth (1997) diagram of the estimated annual mean globalenergy balance for the Earth. You are not expected to recall the numerical values,but try to include as many of the important fluxes of energy and processes as you canremember (incoming solar radiation, outgoing longwave radiation, etc.). Nowimagine that it is the year 2100, and humanity has continued to add to theconcentrations of carbon dioxide, etc., by using fossil fuels as its primary energysupply throughout the 21st century. What do you think will be the main changes inthis diagram between 1997 and 2000? Explain your reasoning.SIO 217A Final Exam Fall 2005Curry and Webster, Ch. 1-8, 126. Consider a planet that is identical to Earth in all respects except for its albedo. Stateand simplify the equations needed to determine the equivalent black-body emissiontemperature of this planet if αp=0. State all assumptions and approximations. Do youexpect that this planet will be hotter than the Earth or colder? Discuss the reasons.7. Calculate the maximum efficiency of work done by heat transferred from the sun tothe earth. State all assumptions and approximations. Is this process reversible? Whyor why not?8. Determine how large drops must be beyond the critical radius before Raoulteffects are negligibly small relative to the Kelvin effect. Use a rough sketch of a Köhlercurve to show where this point occurs.9. Define the following terms in 10 words or less; an equation, graph, or sketch maybe added if appropriate:a. Dew-point depressionb. Aerosol indirect effectc. Meridional heat transferd. Virtual potential temperaturee. Lifting condensation levelf. Gibbs phase ruleg. Reversible10. Sketch the pressure-temperature phase diagram for water. On the graph, label3. all phases and their transitions,4. the triple point,5. the temperature and pressure at which water boils at sea level,6. the location of supercooled water,7. the location of supersaturated water vapor.SIO 217A Final Exam Fall 2005Curry and Webster, Ch. 1-8, 12Lecture Ch. 12a• Review of simplified climate model• Current research– Aerosols, precipitation, and evaporation• Course evaluationsCurry and Webster, Ch. 12For Tuesday: Read Ch. 13For Dec 6: Review Past Homework, Quizzes, Reading, MidtermSimplified Climate Model• Atmosphere described as one layer– Albedo αp~0.31: reflectance by surface, clouds,aerosols, gases– Shortwave flux absorbed at surface• Earth behaves as a black body– Temperature Te: equivalent black-body temperature ofearth– Longwave flux emitted from surfaceCurry and Webster, Ch. 12 pp. 331-337; also Liou, 1992FS=0.25*S0(1- αp)FL=σTe4FLEmitted from spheresurface 4πr2FSIncident onprojected disc πr2FS = FLSimplified Climate Model• Incoming shortwave = Outgoing longwave• Energy absorbed = Energy emittedFS = 0.25*S0(1- αp)FL = σTe4Solar Constant• Luminosity of the sun• Irradiance at earth S0 = L0/(4πd2) = 1.4x103 W/m2€ d = 1.5 ×1011m (p.437)€ Area = 4πd 2L0 ~ 3.9x1026 W (p. 331)2Simplified Climate Model• At thermal equilibrium (why?)• Observed surface temperature T = 288K• What’s missing?FS = FL0.25*S0(1- αp) = σTe4Te = [0.25*S0(1- αp)/σ]0.25Te ~ 255KSensitivity to Albedo• What if albedo changes?• 1% decrease in albedo warms temperature 1K• 1% increase in albedo cools temperature 1KTe = [0.25*S0(1- αp)/σ]0.25αp=0.31, Te ~ 255Kαp=0.30, Te ~ ?Add an Atmosphere!• Atmosphere is transparent to non-reflected portionof the solar beam• Atmosphere in radiative equilibrium with surface• Atmosphere absorbs all the IR emissionFsurfFSTOA: FS = Fatm0.25*S0(1- αp) = σTatm4 Tatm = 255KFatmFatmAtmos: Fsurf = 2Fatm σTsurf4 = 2σTatm4 Tsurf = 303KWhat’s wrong?• With no atmosphere, Tsurf = 255K• With “atmosphere”, Tsurf = 303K• From observations, Tsurf = 288K• Real atmosphere:– Not perfectly transparent to incoming solar– Not perfectly opaque to infrared– Not in pure radiative equilibrium with surface• Three assumptions were wrong!3IPCCOnline Course Evaluations*IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR THOSE TEACHING FALL QUARTER 2007**Please announce this URL in class for the fall '07 on line course and instructor evaluations:https://www.sio.ucsd.edu/secure/student/course_eval/Please encourage your students to log on and complete the evaluations, emphasizing the importance of theirfeedback. Also, let the students know participants' names will be entered into a drawing for Scripps T-shirts!Students will receive an email with information on how to access the site, and instructions on how to completethe evaluation process.Students must complete the evaluations November 26 - December 9. After December 9 they will not be able tolog on.Also, please give the students time from class to complete these evaluations, if you could. These evaluations arean important part of the faculty review process so it is important to encourage the students' full participation.After the evaluation period, the instructors will receive
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