Entrainment in SDSEntrainment/Adaptation/Accommodation/AlignmentVarieties of Entrainment…The Vocabulary ProblemEarly Studies of Priming EffectsUser Responses to VaxholmVerb Priming: How often do you go abroad on holiday?ResultsLexical Entrainment in Referring ExpressionsEntrainment in Spontaneous SpeechExtraterrestrial vs Alien IExtraterrestrial vs. Alien IIEntrainment and High-Frequency WordsSlide 14Timing and Voice QualitySlide 16Amplitude and Response LatencySocial Status and EntrainmentSocio-Cultural Influences and EntrainmentConclusions for SDSPersonality and Computer SystemsPeople See ‘Personality’ EverywhereUser ReactionsPersonality in SDSSlide 25Slide 2601/14/19 1Entrainment in SDSJulia HirschbergCS 470601/14/19 2Entrainment/Adaptation/Accommodation/Alignment•Hypothesis: over time, people tend to adapt their communicative behavior to that of their conversational partner•Issues–What are the dimensions of entrainment?–How rapidly do people adapt?–Does entrainment occur (on the human side) in human/computer conversations?01/14/19 3Varieties of Entrainment…•Lexical: S and H tend over time to adopt the same method of referring to items in a discourseA: It’s that thing that looks like a harpsichord.B: So the harpsichord-looking thing…....B: The harpsichord…•Phonological–Word pronunciation: voice/voiceless /t/ in better•Acoustic/Prosodic–Speaking rate, pitch range, choice of contour•Discourse/dialogue/social–Marking of topic shift, turn-taking01/14/19 4The Vocabulary Problem•Furnas et al ’87: the probability that 2 subjects will producing the same name for a command for common computer operations varied from .07-.18–Remove a file: remove, delete, erase, kill, omit, destroy, lose, change, trash–With 20 synonyms for a single command, the likelihood that 2 people will choose the same one was 80%–With 25 commands, the likelihood that 2 people who choose the same term think it means the same command was 15%•How can people possibly communicate?–They collaborate on choice of referring expressions01/14/19 5Early Studies of Priming Effects•Hypothesis: Users will tend to use the vocabulary and syntax the system uses–Evidence from data collections in the field•Systems should take advantage of this proclivity to prime users to speak in ways that the system can recognize well01/14/19 6User Responses to VaxholmThe answers to the question:“What weekday do you want to go?” (Vilken veckodag vill du åka?) •22% Friday (fredag)•11% I want to go on Friday (jag vill åka på fredag)•11% I want to go today (jag vill åka idag)• 7% on Friday (på fredag)• 6% I want to go a Friday (jag vill åka en fredag)• - are there any hotels in Vaxholm?(finns det några hotell i Vaxholm)01/14/19 7Hur ofta åker du utomlands på semestern?jag åker en gång om året kanskejag åker ganska sällan utomlands på semesterjag åker nästan alltid utomlands under min semesterjag åker ungefär 2 gånger per år utomlands på semesterjag åker utomlands nästan varje årjag åker utomlands på semestern varje årjag åker utomlands ungefär en gång om åretjag är nästan aldrig utomlandsen eller två gånger om åreten gång per semesterkanske en gång per årungefär en gång per åråtminståne en gång om åretnästan aldrigHur ofta reser du utomlands på semestern?jag reser en gång om året utomlandsjag reser inte ofta utomlands på semester det blir mera i arbetetjag reser reser utomlands på semestern vartannat årjag reser utomlands en gång per semesterjag reser utomlands på semester ungefär en gång per årjag brukar resa utomlands på semestern åtminståne en gång i åreten gång per år kanskeen gång vart annat årvarje årvart tredje år ungefärnu för tiden inte så oftavarje år brukar jag åka utomlandsVerb Priming: How often do you go abroad on holiday?01/14/19 8Resultsnoreuse4%reuse 52%ellipse18%other24%noanswer2%01/14/19 9Lexical Entrainment in Referring Expressions•Choice of Referring Expressions: Informativeness vs. availability (basic level or not) vs. saliency vs. recency•Gricean prediction–People use descriptions that minimally but effectively distinguish among items in the discourse•Garrod & Anderson ’87 Output/Input Principle–Conversational partners formulate their current utterance according to the model used to interpret their partner’s most recent utterance•Clark, Brennan, et al’s Conceptual Pacts–People make Conceptual Pacts wrt appropriate referring expressions made with particular conversational partners–They are loath to abandon these even when shorter expressions possible01/14/19 10Entrainment in Spontaneous SpeechS13: the orange M&M looking kind of scared and then a one on the bottom left and a nine on the bottom rightS12: alright I have the exact same thing I just had it's an M&M looking scared that's orangeS13: yeah the scared M&M guy yeahS12: framed mirror and the scared M&M on the lower rightS13: and it's to the right of the scared M&M guyS13: yeah and the iron should be on the same line as the frightened M&M kind of like an LS12: to the left of the scared M&M to the right of the onion and above the iron01/14/19 11Extraterrestrial vs Alien Is11: okay in the middle of the card I have an extraterrestrial figures11: okay middle of the card I have the extraterrestrial…s10: I've got the blue lion with the extraterrestrial on the lower rights11: okay I have the extraterrestrial now and then I have the eye at the bottom right corners10: my extraterrestrial's gone01/14/19 12Extraterrestrial vs. Alien IIS03: okay I have a blue lion and then the extraterrestrial at the lower right cornerS11: mm I'll pass I have the alien with an eye in the lower right cornerS03: um I have just the alien so I guess I'll match that------------------------------------------------------------------------------S10: yes now I've got that extraterrestrial with the yellow lion and the money …S12: oh now I have the blue lion in the center with our little alien buddy in the right hand cornerS10: with the alien buddy so I'm gonna match him with the single blue lion okay I've got our alien with the eye in the corner01/14/19 13Entrainment and High-Frequency Words•How does entrainment to another’s use of HFWs (the N most common words in a corpus) affect the perceived naturalness and task success in dialogue?•SwitchBoard–2430 conversations, 6m mean duration, 240h–250 very natural;