UH COSC 3480 - Chapter 1- Introduction to Spatial Databases

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Spatial Databases 1.1 Overview 1.2 Application domains 1.3 Compare a SDBMS with a GIS 1.4 Categories of Users 1.5 An example of an SDBMS application 1.6 A Stroll though a spatial database 1.6.1 Data Models, 1.6.2 Query Language, 1.6.3 Query Processing, 1.6.4 File Organization and Indices, 1.6.5 Query Optimization, 1.6.6 Data MiningLearning ObjectivesValue of SDBMSValue of SDBMS – Spatial Data ExamplesValue of SDBMS – Users, Application DomainsSlide 6What is a SDBMS ?SDBMS ExampleModeling Spatial Data in Traditional DBMSSpatial Data Types and Traditional DatabasesMapping “census_table” into a Relational DatabaseEvolution of DBMS technologySpatial Data Types and Post-relational DatabasesHow is a SDBMS different from a GIS ?Slide 15Evolution of acronym “GIS”Three meanings of the acronym GISSlide 18Components of a SDBMSThree Layer Architecture1.6.1 Spatial Taxonomy, Data Models1.6.2 Spatial Query LanguageMulti-scan Query Example1.6.3 Query ProcessingQuery Processing of Join Queries1.6.4 File Organization and IndicesOrganizing spatial data with space filling curvesSpatial Indexing: Search Data-Structures1.6.5 Query Optimization1.6.6 Data Mining1.7 SummaryChapter 1: Introduction to Spatial Databases1.1 Overview1.2 Application domains1.3 Compare a SDBMS with a GIS 1.4 Categories of Users1.5 An example of an SDBMS application1.6 A Stroll though a spatial database1.6.1 Data Models, 1.6.2 Query Language, 1.6.3 Query Processing, 1.6.4 File Organization and Indices, 1.6.5 Query Optimization, 1.6.6 Data MiningFor more material check: http://www.cs.umn.edu/Research/shashi-group/Book/slides/Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives (LO)LO1 : Understand the value of SDBMS•Application domains • users• How is different from a DBMS?LO2: Understand the concept of spatial databasesLO3: Learn about the Components of SDBMSMapping Sections to learning objectivesLO1 - 1.1, 1.2, 1.4LO2 - 1.3, 1.5LO3 - 1.6Value of SDBMSTraditional (non-spatial) database management systems provide:Persistence across failuresAllows concurrent access to dataScalability to search queries on very large datasets which do not fit inside main memories of computersEfficient for non-spatial queries, but not for spatial queriesNon-spatial queries:List the names of all bookstore with more than ten thousand titles.List the names of ten customers, in terms of sales, in the year 2001Spatial Queries:List the names of all bookstores with ten miles of MinneapolisList all customers who live in Tennessee and its adjoining statesValue of SDBMS – Spatial Data Examples Examples of non-spatial dataNames, phone numbers, email addresses of peopleExamples of Spatial dataCensus DataNASA satellites imagery - terabytes of data per dayWeather and Climate DataRivers, Farms, ecological impactMedical ImagingExercise: Identify spatial and non-spatial data items inA phone book A cookbook with recipesValue of SDBMS – Users, Application DomainsMany important application domains have spatial data and queries. Some Examples follow:Army Field Commander: Has there been any significant enemy troop movement since last night?Insurance Risk Manager: Which homes are most likely to be affected in the next great flood on the Mississippi?Medical Doctor: Based on this patient's MRI, have we treated somebody with a similar condition ?Molecular Biologist:Is the topology of the amino acid biosynthesis gene in the genome found in any other sequence feature map in the database ?Astronomer:Find all blue galaxies within 2 arcmin of quasars. Exercise: List two ways you have used spatial data. Which software did you use to manipulate spatial data?Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives (LO)LO1 : Understand the value of SDBMSLO2: Understand the concept of spatial databases•What is a SDBMS?•How is it different from a GIS?LO3: Learn about the Components of SDBMSSections for LO2Section 1.5 provides an example SDBMSSection 1.1 and 1.3 compare SDBMS with DBMS and GISWhat is a SDBMS ?A SDBMS is a software module thatcan work with an underlying DBMSsupports spatial data models, spatial abstract data types (ADTs) and a query language from which these ADTs are callablesupports spatial indexing, efficient algorithms for processing spatial operations, and domain specific rules for query optimizationExample: Oracle Spatial data cartridge, ESRI SDEcan work with Oracle 8i DBMSHas spatial data types (e.g. polygon), operations (e.g. overlap) callable from SQL3 query languageHas spatial indices, e.g. R-treesSDBMS ExampleConsider a spatial dataset with:County boundary (dashed white line) Census block - name, area, population, boundary (dark line)Water bodies (dark polygons)Satellite Imagery (gray scale pixels)Storage in a SDBMS table: create table census_blocks ( name string, area float, population number, boundary polygon );Fig 1.2Modeling Spatial Data in Traditional DBMS•A row in the table census_blocks (Figure 1.3)• Question: Is Polyline datatype supported in DBMS?Figure 1.3Spatial Data Types and Traditional DatabasesTraditional relational DBMSSupport simple data types, e.g. number, strings, dateModeling Spatial data types is tediousExample: Figure 1.4 shows modeling of polygon using numbersThree new tables: polygon, edge, points•Note: Polygon is a polyline where last point and first point are sameA simple unit sqaure represented as 16 rows across 3 tablesSimple spatial operators, e.g. area(), require joining tablesTedious and computationally inefficientQuestion. Name post-relational database management systems which facilitate modeling of spatial data types, e.g. polygon.Mapping “census_table” into a Relational Database Fig 1.4Evolution of DBMS technologyFig 1.5Spatial Data Types and Post-relational DatabasesPost-relational DBMSSupport user defined abstract data typesSpatial data types (e.g. polygon) can be addedChoice of post-relational DBMSObject oriented (OO) DBMSObject relational (OR) DBMS A spatial database is a collection of spatial data types, operators, indices, processing strategies, etc. and can work with many post-relational DBMS as well as programming languages like Java, Visual Basic etc.How is a SDBMS different from a GIS ?GIS is a software to visualize and analyze spatial data using spatial analysis functions such asSearch Thematic search, search by region, (re-)classificationLocation analysis Buffer, corridor, overlayTerrain analysis Slope/aspect, catchment, drainage networkFlow analysis


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UH COSC 3480 - Chapter 1- Introduction to Spatial Databases

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