CPE 631 Introduction Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama in Huntsville Aleksandar Milenkovic milenka ece uah edu http www ece uah edu milenka Lecture Outline Evolution of Computer Technology Computing Classes Task of Computer Designer Technology Trends Costs and Trends in Cost Things to Remember AM LaCASA 2 Introduction CHANGE It is exciting It has never been more exciting It impacts every aspect of human life Eniac 1946 PlayStation Portable PSP Approx 170 mm L x 74 mm W x 23 mm D Weight Approx 260 g including battery first stored program computer CPU PSP CPU clock frequency 1 333MHz Occupied 50x30 feet room Main Memory 32MB weighted 30 tonnes Embedded DRAM 4MB AM contained 18000 electronic valves consumed 25KW of electrical power Profile PSP Game UMD Audio UMD Video capable to perform 100K calc per second LaCASA 3 A short history of computing Continuous growth in performance due to advances in technology and innovations in computer design First 25 years 1945 1970 Late 70s emergence of the microprocessor AM LaCASA 35 yearly growth in performance thanks to integrated circuit technology Changes in computer marketplace elimination of assembly language programming emergence of Unix easier to develop new architectures Mid 80s emergence of RISCs Reduced Instruction Set Computers 25 yearly growth in performance Both forces contributed to performance improvement Mainframes and minicomputers dominated the industry 52 yearly growth in performance Performance improvements through instruction level parallelism pipelining multiple instruction issue caches Since 02 end of 16 years of renaissance 20 yearly growth in performance Limited by 3 hurdles maximum power dissipation instruction level parallelism and so called memory wall Switch from ILP to TLP and DLP Thread Data level Parallelism 4 Growth in processor performance From Hennessy and Patterson Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach 4th edition October 2006 AM LaCASA VAX 25 year 1978 to 1986 RISC x86 52 year 1986 to 2002 RISC x86 20 year 2002 to present 5 Effect of this Dramatic Growth Significant enhancement of the capability available to computer user Microprocessor based computers dominate AM LaCASA Example a today s 500 PC has more performance more main memory and more disk storage than a 1 million computer in 1985 Workstations and PCs have emerged as major products Minicomputers replaced by servers Mainframes replaced by multiprocessors Supercomputers replaced by large arrays of microprocessors 6 Changing Face of Computing In the 1960s mainframes roamed the planet In the 1970s minicomputers emerged AM LaCASA Very expensive operators oversaw operations Applications business data processing large scale scientific computing Less expensive time sharing In the 1990s Internet and WWW handheld devices PDA high performance consumer electronics for video games and set top boxes have emerged Dramatic changes have led to 3 different computing markets Desktop computing Servers Embedded Computers 7 Computing Classes A Summary Feature Desktop Server Embedded Price of the system 500 5K 5K 5M 10 100K including network routers at high end Price of the processor 50 500 200 10K 0 01 100 Sold per year estimates for 2000 150M 4M 300M only 32 bit and 64 bit Critical system design issues Priceperformance graphics performance Throughput availability scalability Price power consumption application specific performance AM LaCASA 8 Desktop Computers Largest market in dollar terms Spans low end 500 to high end 5K systems Optimize price performance AM LaCASA Performance measured in the number of calculations and graphic operations Price is what matters to customers Arena where the newest highest performance and cost reduced microprocessors appear Reasonably well characterized in terms of applications and benchmarking What will a PC of 2011 do What will a PC of 2016 do 9 Servers Provide more reliable file and computing services Web servers Key requirements AM LaCASA Availability effectively provide service 24 7 365 Yahoo Google eBay Reliability never fails Scalability server systems grow over time so the ability to scale up the computing capacity is crucial Performance transactions per minute Related category clusters supercomputers 10 Embedded Computers AM LaCASA Fastest growing portion of the market Computers as parts of other devices where their presence is not obviously visible E g home appliances printers smart cards cell phones palmtops set top boxes gaming consoles network routers Wide range of processing power and cost 0 1 8 bit 16 bit processors 10 32 bit capable to execute 50M instructions per second 100 200 high end video gaming consoles and network switches Requirements Real time performance requirement e g time to process a video frame is limited Minimize memory requirements power SOCs System on a chip combine processor cores and application specific circuitry DSP processors network processors 11 Task of Computer Designer Determine what attributes are important for a new machine then design a machine to maximize performance while staying within cost power and availability constraints Aspects of this task AM LaCASA Instruction set design Functional organization Logic design and implementation IC design packaging power cooling 12 What is Computer Architecture Computer Architecture covers all three aspects of computer design Instruction Set Architecture Organization AM LaCASA the computer visible to the assembler language programmer or compiler writer registers data types instruction set instruction formats addressing modes high level aspects of computer s design such as the memory system the bus structure and the internal CPU datapath control design Hardware detailed logic design interconnection and packing technology external connections 13 Instruction Set Architecture Critical Interface software instruction set hardware Properties of a good abstraction AM LaCASA Lasts through many generations portability Used in many different ways generality Provides convenient functionality to higher levels Permits an efficient implementation at lower levels 14 Instruction Set Architecture the attributes of a computing system as seen by the programmer i e the conceptual structure and functional behavior as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design and the physical implementation Amdahl Blaauw and Brooks 1964 SOFTWARE Organization of Programmable Storage GPRs SPRs Data Types Data Structures Encodings